Episodic memory is defined as the ability to recollect events with their specific spatiotemporal details. Based on the innate tendency of rodents to explore novelty in a familiar environment, the Novel Object-Place-Context Recognition Task (OPCRT) was developed as a spontaneous recognition paradigm to assess episodic-like memory performance. OPC memory recall critically depends on the hippocampus and the lateral entorhinal cortex (LEC). Recently, neurons exhibiting properties of engram cells for OPC memory have been identified in the LEC. This brain region is among the earliest affected in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), a pathology characterized by severe episodic memory deficits. To investigate the role of learning-activated neuronal populations in episodic memory impairment, we used APPJ20 mice, an AD model exhibiting early synaptic dysfunction in the LEC. By combining the TRAP method with chemogenetic manipulation, we observed impaired reactivation of learning-tagged LEC neurons in young APPJ20 mice. Notably, chemogenetic activation of these ensembles during recall restored memory performance in young mice. Applying the same approach to the dentate gyrus (DG) of older APPJ20 mice revealed a similar impairment in the reactivation of learning-tagged neuronal populations during the Novel Object Recognition task; chemogenetic activation was sufficient to rescue memory performance. Together, these findings suggest that during progressive amyloid-β accumulation, the memory trace becomes inaccessible rather than lost. We next investigated whether additional brain regions are recruited as part of a distributed network supporting memory retrieval. To this end, we conducted a brain-wide mapping of neuronal activation during OPC memory recall in wild-type mice using c-Fos expression as a marker of activity,revealing increased activation in associative regions involved in memory processing, navigation, and decision-making. Functional connectivity analysis showed enhanced local specialization and more efficient global communication during recall. To further understand the individual contributions of these activated brain regions to episodic memory, we expressed chemogenetic receptors in the subpopulation of neurons activated during the learning of OPC associations and manipulated their activity during the recall phase. Inhibition of learning-tagged neurons impaired memory retrieval across regions, whereas selective reactivation of retrosplenial cortex ensembles alone supported successful performance when the memory trace was no longer accessible through natural cues. These results support a distributed organization of episodic-like memory in mice, dependent on the interactions between frontal and posterior medial regions.
La memoria episodica è definita come la capacità di rievocare eventi insieme ai loro dettagli contestuali e temporali. Sfruttando la tendenza innata dei roditori a esplorare la novità in un ambiente familiare, il paradigma comportamentale Novel Object-Place- Context Recognition Task (OPCRT) può essere utilizzato per valutare la memoria episodica nel topo. Il richiamo della memoria OPC dipende principalmente dall’ippocampo e dalla corteccia entorinale laterale (LEC), nella quale sono stati recentemente identificati neuroni con proprietà di cellule engramma. Questa regione cerebrale è inoltre tra le prime ad essere colpite nella malattia di Alzheimer, una patologia caratterizzata da gravi deficit della memoria episodica. Utilizzando topi transgenici APPJ20, modello murino della malattia di Alzheimer, abbiamo esaminato il contributo dei neuroni attivati durante l’apprendimento dell’OPCRT ai deficit di memoria episodica. Nei topi di due mesi, abbiamo osservato una ridotta riattivazione dei neuroni della LEC marcati durante la fase di apprendimento; la loro riattivazione chemogenetica durante il richiamo è risultata sufficiente a ripristinare la performance mnemonica. Applicando lo stesso approccio al giro dentato (DG) in topi di sei mesi, abbiamo riscontrato un’analoga compromissione della riattivazione delle popolazioni neuronali attivate durante l’apprendimento nel Novel Object Recognition task. Anche in questo caso, la riattivazione chemogenetica ha consentito il recupero del richiamo della memoria. Nel complesso, questi risultati suggeriscono che, con la progressione della neurodegenerazione, la traccia mnemonica diventi inaccessibile piuttosto che definitivamente perduta. Inoltre, ipotizzando che la memoria episodica sia rappresentata da popolazioni neuronali organizzate in una rete distribuita, abbiamo eseguito una mappatura brain-wide dell’attivazione neuronale basata su c-Fos durante il richiamo della memoria OPC in topi wild-type. Abbiamo quindi rivelato un’aumentata attivazione in regioni associative coinvolte nei processi mnemonici, nella navigazione spaziale e nei processi decisionali. Per chiarire il contributo causale delle singole regioni, abbiamo manipolato chemogeneticamente le loro popolazioni neuronali attive durante l’apprendimento delle associazioni OPC. L’inibizione di questi neuroni ha compromesso il recupero mnemonico in tutte le regioni esaminate, mentre la sola riattivazione selettiva della corteccia retrospleniale è risultata sufficiente a promuovere il richiamo della memoria dopo il suo naturale decadimento. Nel complesso, questi risultati supportano un’organizzazione distribuita della memoria episodica nel topo, dipendente dall’interazione tra regioni frontali e posteriori mediali.
Memoria episodica : dal circuito ippocampale-entorinale a una rete neurale distribuita
GUGLIELMO, Stefano
2026
Abstract
Episodic memory is defined as the ability to recollect events with their specific spatiotemporal details. Based on the innate tendency of rodents to explore novelty in a familiar environment, the Novel Object-Place-Context Recognition Task (OPCRT) was developed as a spontaneous recognition paradigm to assess episodic-like memory performance. OPC memory recall critically depends on the hippocampus and the lateral entorhinal cortex (LEC). Recently, neurons exhibiting properties of engram cells for OPC memory have been identified in the LEC. This brain region is among the earliest affected in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), a pathology characterized by severe episodic memory deficits. To investigate the role of learning-activated neuronal populations in episodic memory impairment, we used APPJ20 mice, an AD model exhibiting early synaptic dysfunction in the LEC. By combining the TRAP method with chemogenetic manipulation, we observed impaired reactivation of learning-tagged LEC neurons in young APPJ20 mice. Notably, chemogenetic activation of these ensembles during recall restored memory performance in young mice. Applying the same approach to the dentate gyrus (DG) of older APPJ20 mice revealed a similar impairment in the reactivation of learning-tagged neuronal populations during the Novel Object Recognition task; chemogenetic activation was sufficient to rescue memory performance. Together, these findings suggest that during progressive amyloid-β accumulation, the memory trace becomes inaccessible rather than lost. We next investigated whether additional brain regions are recruited as part of a distributed network supporting memory retrieval. To this end, we conducted a brain-wide mapping of neuronal activation during OPC memory recall in wild-type mice using c-Fos expression as a marker of activity,revealing increased activation in associative regions involved in memory processing, navigation, and decision-making. Functional connectivity analysis showed enhanced local specialization and more efficient global communication during recall. To further understand the individual contributions of these activated brain regions to episodic memory, we expressed chemogenetic receptors in the subpopulation of neurons activated during the learning of OPC associations and manipulated their activity during the recall phase. Inhibition of learning-tagged neurons impaired memory retrieval across regions, whereas selective reactivation of retrosplenial cortex ensembles alone supported successful performance when the memory trace was no longer accessible through natural cues. These results support a distributed organization of episodic-like memory in mice, dependent on the interactions between frontal and posterior medial regions.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/380110
URN:NBN:IT:SNS-380110