The development of increasingly autonomous spacecraft has profoundly transformed the role of Guidance, Navigation, and Control systems. Modern space missions rely on sophisticated perception and decision-making algorithms that operate in highly uncertain environments. The validation of these algorithms represents a major technological challenge. Numerical simulations alone are rarely sufficient to guarantee reliable performance, as they inevitably neglect hardware-related effects. For this reason, experimental validation using Hardware-In-the-Loop facilities has become an essential component of the development process. This work addresses this challenge by investigating two complementary experimental approaches for the ground-based validation of vision-based navigation systems: optical stimulation and kinematic emulation. The research develops methodologies, calibration frameworks, and experimental facilities enabling the generation of physically consistent synthetic imagery for navigation algorithm testing. In the context of optical stimulation, techniques for accurate geometric and radiometric calibration are introduced, allowing the reproduction of realistic space scenes while preserving consistency with camera hardware characteristics. In parallel, the work presents the development and calibration of the RAFFAELLO kinematic emulation facility, a robotic testbed designed to physically reproduce spacecraft–target relative motion and illumination conditions. A comprehensive opto-geometric calibration procedure and trajectory mapping framework are developed to achieve high geometric fidelity in the reproduced scenes. The capabilities of the proposed methodologies are demonstrated through experimental campaigns conducted within several research projects.
Lo sviluppo di veicoli spaziali sempre più autonomi ha profondamente trasformato il ruolo dei sistemi di guida, navigazione e controllo. Le moderne missioni spaziali si basano su sofisticati algoritmi di percezione e di decisione che operano in ambienti altamente incerti. La validazione di tali algoritmi rappresenta una sfida tecnologica di primaria importanza. Le sole simulazioni numeriche non sono sufficienti a garantire prestazioni affidabili, poiché inevitabilmente trascurano effetti legati all’hardware. Per questo motivo, la validazione sperimentale Hardware-In-the-Loop è diventata una componente essenziale del processo di sviluppo. Questo lavoro affronta tale problematica investigando due approcci sperimentali complementari per la validazione a terra di sistemi di navigazione basati su visione: la stimolazione ottica e l’emulazione cinematica. La ricerca sviluppa metodologie, procedure di calibrazione e infrastrutture sperimentali che consentono la generazione di immagini sintetiche fisicamente coerenti per il test di algoritmi di navigazione. Nel contesto della stimolazione ottica vengono introdotte tecniche per la calibrazione geometrica e radiometrica accurata delle facility di prova, permettendo la riproduzione di scene spaziali realistiche mantenendo la coerenza con le caratteristiche hardware delle camere. Parallelamente, il lavoro presenta lo sviluppo e la calibrazione della facility di emulazione cinematica RAFFAELLO, un banco di prova robotizzato progettato per riprodurre fisicamente il moto relativo tra veicolo spaziale e target e le condizioni di illuminazione associate. Viene sviluppata una procedura completa di calibrazione opto-geometrica e un framework di mappatura delle traiettorie per ottenere un’elevata fedeltà geometrica nelle scene riprodotte. Le capacità delle metodologie proposte sono dimostrate attraverso campagne sperimentali condotte nell’ambito di diversi progetti di ricerca.
Optical stimulation and kinematic emulation for validation and verification of spacecraft navigation algorithms
Ornati, Fabio
2026
Abstract
The development of increasingly autonomous spacecraft has profoundly transformed the role of Guidance, Navigation, and Control systems. Modern space missions rely on sophisticated perception and decision-making algorithms that operate in highly uncertain environments. The validation of these algorithms represents a major technological challenge. Numerical simulations alone are rarely sufficient to guarantee reliable performance, as they inevitably neglect hardware-related effects. For this reason, experimental validation using Hardware-In-the-Loop facilities has become an essential component of the development process. This work addresses this challenge by investigating two complementary experimental approaches for the ground-based validation of vision-based navigation systems: optical stimulation and kinematic emulation. The research develops methodologies, calibration frameworks, and experimental facilities enabling the generation of physically consistent synthetic imagery for navigation algorithm testing. In the context of optical stimulation, techniques for accurate geometric and radiometric calibration are introduced, allowing the reproduction of realistic space scenes while preserving consistency with camera hardware characteristics. In parallel, the work presents the development and calibration of the RAFFAELLO kinematic emulation facility, a robotic testbed designed to physically reproduce spacecraft–target relative motion and illumination conditions. A comprehensive opto-geometric calibration procedure and trajectory mapping framework are developed to achieve high geometric fidelity in the reproduced scenes. The capabilities of the proposed methodologies are demonstrated through experimental campaigns conducted within several research projects.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/382747
URN:NBN:IT:POLIMI-382747