Business environment has become highly unpredictable, forcing supply chains to handle uncertainties to maintain equilibrium between supply and demand. Sales and Operations Planning (S&OP) can serve as an effective tool for balancing demand and supply. Context refers to the environmental contingencies that shape an organization, and contingency theory suggests that practices like S&OP achieve optimal performance when aligned with these factors. Although the importance of context in S&OP is widely acknowledged, existing research has not yet addressed all relevant contingency factors to develop a general contextualized framework. This research addressed these gaps in S&OP research by proposing a general framework that incorporates all identified contingency factors in literature. For this goal I conducted firstly a systematic literature search and conceptual review to identify the literature gaps. Next, I analyzed four case studies of large European companies and compared the outcome of this cross-case analysis with those reported in the literature. The findings for this study are valuable both for academics, by advancing S&OP literature, and practitioners, by providing a general framework to guide them how to fit S&OP to their context. To further broaden the generalizability of the findings, additional research can focus on levels of contingency factors that have never been examined in literature before, such as small-sized companies, cross-continental comparisons, and longitudinal studies to capture how contingency factors and S&OP can change over time.
Il mercato attuale è sempre più altamente imprevedibile, costringendo le supply chain a gestire le incertezze per mantenere l’equilibrio tra domanda e offerta. Il Sales and Operations Planning (S&OP) può fungere da strumento efficace per bilanciare domanda e offerta. Il contesto si riferisce ai fattori di contesto che modellano un’organizzazione, e la contingency theory suggerisce che pratiche come l’S&OP raggiungono prestazioni ottimali quando sono allineate a tali fattori. Sebbene l’importanza del contesto nell’S&OP sia ampiamente riconosciuta, in letteratura non sono stati ancora considerati tutti i fattori di contingenza rilevanti per sviluppare un framework generale contestualizzato. Questa ricerca ha affrontato tali lacune nello studio dell’S&OP proponendo un framework generale che incorpora tutti i fattori di contingenza identificati in letteratura. A tal fine, ho prima condotto una revisione sistematica della letteratura e una review concettuale per individuare le lacune esistenti. Successivamente, ho analizzato quattro casi studio di grandi aziende europee e confrontato i risultati di questa analisi trasversale con quelli riportati in letteratura. I risultati di questo studio sono rilevanti sia per il mondo accademico, contribuendo all’avanzamento della letteratura sull’S&OP, sia per i professionisti, fornendo un framework generale che li guidi nell’adattare l’S&OP al proprio contesto. Per ampliare ulteriormente la generalizzabilità dei risultati, ricerche future potrebbero concentrarsi su livelli di fattori di contingenza mai analizzati prima, come le piccole imprese, confronti tra country differenti e studi longitudinali per comprendere come i fattori di contingenza e l’S&OP evolvano nel tempo.
Sales and operations planning through the lens of contingency theory
QUAGLIERI, FABIO
2026
Abstract
Business environment has become highly unpredictable, forcing supply chains to handle uncertainties to maintain equilibrium between supply and demand. Sales and Operations Planning (S&OP) can serve as an effective tool for balancing demand and supply. Context refers to the environmental contingencies that shape an organization, and contingency theory suggests that practices like S&OP achieve optimal performance when aligned with these factors. Although the importance of context in S&OP is widely acknowledged, existing research has not yet addressed all relevant contingency factors to develop a general contextualized framework. This research addressed these gaps in S&OP research by proposing a general framework that incorporates all identified contingency factors in literature. For this goal I conducted firstly a systematic literature search and conceptual review to identify the literature gaps. Next, I analyzed four case studies of large European companies and compared the outcome of this cross-case analysis with those reported in the literature. The findings for this study are valuable both for academics, by advancing S&OP literature, and practitioners, by providing a general framework to guide them how to fit S&OP to their context. To further broaden the generalizability of the findings, additional research can focus on levels of contingency factors that have never been examined in literature before, such as small-sized companies, cross-continental comparisons, and longitudinal studies to capture how contingency factors and S&OP can change over time.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/382756
URN:NBN:IT:POLIMI-382756