Chronic Heart Failure represents one of the most complex and resource-intensive conditions for healthcare systems, requiring long-term management, multidisciplinary coordination and continuous monitoring. While telemedicine and remote monitoring technologies offer promising opportunities to support chronic care, their real-world impact is often limited by fragmented workflows, unclear responsibilities and the lack of structured mechanisms to measure the generated Value in operational clinical settings. This doctoral thesis, developed within the field of Clinical Engineering, investigates the VIVALDI project as a real-world, multicentre case study aimed at operationalizing Value Based Healthcare (VBHC) principles in the management of chronic heart failure through predictive telemonitoring. Positioned at the intersection of bioengineering, healthcare management engineering, digital health technologies and economic evaluation this work represents one of the first applied and structured VBHC-oriented research projects conducted across different hospital centres in northern Italy. The core objective of the thesis is to demonstrate how a predictive signal can be transformed into a traceable, governable and measurable care process. The VIVALDI model integrates remote monitoring based on implantable cardiac devices with predictive algorithms, a standardized organizational workflow for alert management and a governance framework explicitly designed around the concept of risk sharing among hospital centres, technology providers and the healthcare regional system. The methodological approach combines three interconnected components. First, a process-oriented analysis inspired by Lean principles was used to standardize and align clinical and organizational workflows across participating centres, enabling comparability and traceability of care pathways. Second, a multi-criteria analytical framework based on Multi Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) and the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) with the Delphi Method was developed to formalize value as a multidimensional construct and to make stakeholder priorities explicit and transparent. Third, an economic evaluation based on Activity Based Costing (ABC) was conducted to reconstruct the full cost of hospitalizations for chronic heart failure and to assess the alignment between actual resource consumption and DRG-based reimbursement. The results show that value generation is strongly dependent on the effective execution of standardized workflows, particularly in terms of timely monitoring activation and alert management. The MCDA/AHP model provides a structured representation of governance priorities, while the economic analysis highlights and officially quantifies the systematic differences between emergency and elective hospitalizations and evidences recurrent misalignment between full costs and DRG reimbursement. Beyond specific findings, one of the major contributions of this thesis lies in the creation of a structured and standardized dataset on Chronic Heart Failure pathways that was not previously available in this form. The work highlights the challenges associated with data fragmentation and limited interoperability of hospital information systems, while demonstrating that workflow standardization can act as an enabler for data quality and innovative technologies implementation. The thesis provides all the methodological and structural foundations required for the expected progressive real-world implementation, simulation and validation. In conclusion, this work demonstrates that Value Based Healthcare can be operationalized in real hospital settings through the integration of predictive telemedicine, standardized organizational models, multi-criteria governance frameworks and economic evaluation. The VIVALDI project offers a scalable and transferable foundation for Value-oriented care models, with implications for chronic disease management, healthcare governance and the evolution toward Value Based Procurement strategies.
L’insufficienza cardiaca cronica rappresenta una delle condizioni più complesse e ad alto assorbimento di risorse per i sistemi sanitari, richiedendo una gestione a lungo termine, un coordinamento multidisciplinare e un monitoraggio continuo. Sebbene la telemedicina e le tecnologie di monitoraggio remoto offrano opportunità promettenti a supporto della presa in carico delle cronicità, il loro impatto nella pratica clinica reale è spesso limitato da flussi di lavoro frammentati, responsabilità non chiaramente definite e dall’assenza di meccanismi strutturati per misurare il Valore generato nei contesti clinico-organizzativi. Questa tesi di dottorato, sviluppata nell’ambito dell’Ingegneria Clinica, analizza il progetto VIVALDI come caso studio multicentrico real-world, finalizzato a rendere operativi i principi della Value Based Healthcare (VBHC) nella gestione dell’insufficienza cardiaca cronica attraverso il telemonitoraggio predittivo. Collocandosi all’intersezione tra bioingegneria, ingegneria gestionale sanitaria, tecnologie di digital health e valutazione economica, questo lavoro rappresenta uno dei primi progetti di ricerca applicati e strutturati, orientati alla VBHC, condotti in diversi centri ospedalieri del Nord Italia. L’obiettivo principale della tesi è dimostrare come un segnale predittivo possa essere trasformato in un processo di cura tracciabile, governabile e misurabile. Il modello VIVALDI integra il monitoraggio remoto basato su dispositivi cardiaci impiantabili con algoritmi predittivi, un workflow organizzativo standardizzato per la gestione degli alert e un framework di governance esplicitamente costruito attorno al concetto di condivisione del rischio tra centri ospedalieri, fornitori tecnologici e sistema sanitario regionale. L’approccio metodologico combina tre componenti interconnesse. In primo luogo, è stata condotta un’analisi orientata ai processi, ispirata ai principi Lean, per standardizzare e allineare i workflow clinici e organizzativi tra i centri partecipanti, favorendo la comparabilità e la tracciabilità dei percorsi di cura. In secondo luogo, è stato sviluppato un framework analitico multicriterio basato sulla Multi Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) e sull’Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), integrato con il Metodo Delphi, con l’obiettivo di formalizzare il valore come costrutto multidimensionale e rendere esplicite e trasparenti le priorità degli stakeholder. In terzo luogo, è stata condotta una valutazione economica basata sull’Activity Based Costing (ABC), al fine di ricostruire il costo pieno dei ricoveri per insufficienza cardiaca cronica e valutare l’allineamento tra il consumo effettivo di risorse e il rimborso basato sui DRG. I risultati mostrano che la generazione di valore dipende in modo significativo dall’effettiva esecuzione di workflow standardizzati, in particolare in termini di attivazione tempestiva del monitoraggio e gestione degli alert. Il modello MCDA/AHP fornisce una rappresentazione strutturata delle priorità di governance, mentre l’analisi economica evidenzia e quantifica in modo formale le differenze sistematiche tra ricoveri urgenti ed elettivi, mettendo in luce ricorrenti disallineamenti tra costi pieni e rimborso DRG. Oltre ai risultati specifici, uno dei principali contributi di questa tesi risiede nella creazione di un dataset strutturato e standardizzato sui percorsi di cura dell’insufficienza cardiaca cronica, non precedentemente disponibile in questa forma. Il lavoro evidenzia le criticità associate alla frammentazione dei dati e alla limitata interoperabilità dei sistemi informativi ospedalieri, dimostrando al contempo come la standardizzazione dei workflow possa rappresentare un fattore abilitante per la qualità dei dati e per l’implementazione di tecnologie innovative. La tesi fornisce tutte le basi metodologiche e strutturali necessarie per la prevista implementazione progressiva, simulazione e validazione in contesti real-world. In conclusione, questo lavoro dimostra che la Value Based Healthcare può essere resa operativa nei contesti ospedalieri reali attraverso l’integrazione di telemedicina predittiva, modelli organizzativi standardizzati, framework di governance multicriterio e valutazione economica. Il progetto VIVALDI offre una base scalabile e trasferibile per modelli di cura orientati al Valore, con implicazioni per la gestione delle cronicità, la governance sanitaria e l’evoluzione verso strategie di Value Based Procurement.
Development and evaluation of a value based healthcare remote monitoring model for heart failure management and patient care: a multicentric study
Verga, Matteo
2026
Abstract
Chronic Heart Failure represents one of the most complex and resource-intensive conditions for healthcare systems, requiring long-term management, multidisciplinary coordination and continuous monitoring. While telemedicine and remote monitoring technologies offer promising opportunities to support chronic care, their real-world impact is often limited by fragmented workflows, unclear responsibilities and the lack of structured mechanisms to measure the generated Value in operational clinical settings. This doctoral thesis, developed within the field of Clinical Engineering, investigates the VIVALDI project as a real-world, multicentre case study aimed at operationalizing Value Based Healthcare (VBHC) principles in the management of chronic heart failure through predictive telemonitoring. Positioned at the intersection of bioengineering, healthcare management engineering, digital health technologies and economic evaluation this work represents one of the first applied and structured VBHC-oriented research projects conducted across different hospital centres in northern Italy. The core objective of the thesis is to demonstrate how a predictive signal can be transformed into a traceable, governable and measurable care process. The VIVALDI model integrates remote monitoring based on implantable cardiac devices with predictive algorithms, a standardized organizational workflow for alert management and a governance framework explicitly designed around the concept of risk sharing among hospital centres, technology providers and the healthcare regional system. The methodological approach combines three interconnected components. First, a process-oriented analysis inspired by Lean principles was used to standardize and align clinical and organizational workflows across participating centres, enabling comparability and traceability of care pathways. Second, a multi-criteria analytical framework based on Multi Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) and the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) with the Delphi Method was developed to formalize value as a multidimensional construct and to make stakeholder priorities explicit and transparent. Third, an economic evaluation based on Activity Based Costing (ABC) was conducted to reconstruct the full cost of hospitalizations for chronic heart failure and to assess the alignment between actual resource consumption and DRG-based reimbursement. The results show that value generation is strongly dependent on the effective execution of standardized workflows, particularly in terms of timely monitoring activation and alert management. The MCDA/AHP model provides a structured representation of governance priorities, while the economic analysis highlights and officially quantifies the systematic differences between emergency and elective hospitalizations and evidences recurrent misalignment between full costs and DRG reimbursement. Beyond specific findings, one of the major contributions of this thesis lies in the creation of a structured and standardized dataset on Chronic Heart Failure pathways that was not previously available in this form. The work highlights the challenges associated with data fragmentation and limited interoperability of hospital information systems, while demonstrating that workflow standardization can act as an enabler for data quality and innovative technologies implementation. The thesis provides all the methodological and structural foundations required for the expected progressive real-world implementation, simulation and validation. In conclusion, this work demonstrates that Value Based Healthcare can be operationalized in real hospital settings through the integration of predictive telemedicine, standardized organizational models, multi-criteria governance frameworks and economic evaluation. The VIVALDI project offers a scalable and transferable foundation for Value-oriented care models, with implications for chronic disease management, healthcare governance and the evolution toward Value Based Procurement strategies.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/382839
URN:NBN:IT:POLIMI-382839