Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) are used in a wide range of applications, including automotive, aerospace, consumer electronics, and optical devices. Several MEMS rely on slender beams, membranes, or plates operating under high-frequency or resonant actuation, where cyclic stresses may promote fatigue damage and reduce structural reliability. In SOI-based MEMS architectures, which commonly combine materials such as polysilicon and silicon dioxide (SiO_2), failure may occur not only through bulk fracture, but also through damage processes developing near material interfaces. Despite extensive experimental investigations on fatigue in silicon microstructures, often focused on bulk fracture behavior, the mechanisms governing crack initiation and propagation near interfaces under realistic operating conditions remain insufficiently understood. This thesis develops a multiphysics computational framework to investigate failure at the polysilicon-SiO_2 interface in MEMS structures subjected to resonant dynamic loading. The proposed approach combines nonlinear structural dynamics, reduced-order modeling, experimental characterization, and phase-field fracture simulations to establish a link between device-level dynamic response and the onset of interface-driven damage. A nonlinear reduced-order modeling strategy based on the Direct Parametrization of Invariant Manifolds (DPIM) is developed to efficiently predict the dynamic response of geometrically nonlinear structures. Starting from a finite element formulation, the governing equations are projected onto reduced modal bases, enabling accurate prediction of nonlinear frequency responses and resonant stress amplification at a significantly reduced computational cost. The reduced-order model is applied to the design and analysis of a piezoelectrically actuated MEMS test structure, specifically engineered to amplify tensile stresses at the polysilicon-SiO_2 interface. The predicted dynamic behavior is experimentally validated through laser vibrometry measurements. Fracture initiation and early propagation are investigated using a phase-field cohesive zone model implemented in Abaqus through a user-defined element. The displacement field obtained from the reduced-order dynamic simulations is transferred to a local fracture model to analyze damage evolution under loading conditions representative of resonant operation. The numerical results show that the resulting stress distribution is strongly localized near the polysilicon-SiO_2 interface, leading to damage initiation at the interface and fracture development within the oxide layer while the surrounding polysilicon remains essentially undamaged. These findings provide new insights into interface-driven failure mechanisms in resonant MEMS devices.
I sistemi microelettromeccanici (MEMS) sono impiegati in un’ampia varietà di applicazioni, tra cui il settore automobilistico, aerospaziale, l’elettronica di consumo e i dispositivi ottici. Numerosi MEMS si basano su travi snelle, membrane o piastre operanti in condizioni di attuazione ad alta frequenza o in risonanza, nelle quali le sollecitazioni cicliche possono favorire l’insorgenza di fenomeni di fatica e ridurre l’affidabilità strutturale. Nelle architetture MEMS basate su SOI, che combinano comunemente materiali quali polisilicio e biossido di silicio (SiO_2), il cedimento può verificarsi non solo per frattura del materiale massivo, ma anche attraverso processi di danneggiamento che si sviluppano in prossimità delle interfacce tra materiali differenti. Nonostante le numerose indagini sperimentali condotte sulla fatica nelle microstrutture in silicio, spesso focalizzate sul comportamento a frattura del bulk, i meccanismi che governano l’innesco e la propagazione delle cricche in prossimità delle interfacce, in condizioni operative realistiche, risultano ancora non completamente compresi. Questa tesi sviluppa un framework computazionale multifisico per investigare il cedimento all’interfaccia polisilicio-SiO_2 in strutture MEMS soggette a carichi dinamici in risonanza. L’approccio proposto combina dinamica strutturale non lineare, modellazione a ordine ridotto, caratterizzazione sperimentale e simulazioni di frattura mediante phase-field, al fine di stabilire un collegamento tra la risposta dinamica del dispositivo e l’insorgenza di fenomeni di danneggiamento guidati dall’interfaccia. Viene sviluppata una strategia di modellazione a ordine ridotto non lineare basata sulla Direct Parametrization of Invariant Manifolds (DPIM), con l’obiettivo di predire in maniera efficiente la risposta dinamica di strutture geometricamente non lineari. A partire da una formulazione agli elementi finiti, le equazioni governanti vengono proiettate su basi modali ridotte, consentendo una previsione accurata delle risposte in frequenza non lineari e dell’amplificazione degli stress in condizioni di risonanza, con un costo computazionale significativamente ridotto. Il modello ridotto viene applicato alla progettazione e all’analisi di una struttura MEMS attuata piezoelettricamente, specificamente progettata per amplificare gli stati di sforzo di trazione all’interfaccia polisilicio-SiO_2. Il comportamento dinamico predetto viene validato sperimentalmente mediante misure di vibrometria laser. L’innesco della frattura e le prime fasi della sua propagazione vengono investigate mediante un modello phase-field cohesive zone implementato in Abaqus attraverso un elemento definito dall’utente. Il campo di spostamento ottenuto dalle simulazioni dinamiche a ordine ridotto viene trasferito a un modello locale di frattura per analizzare l’evoluzione del danno sotto condizioni di carico rappresentative del funzionamento in risonanza. I risultati numerici mostrano che la distribuzione tensionale risultante risulta fortemente localizzata in prossimità dell’interfaccia polisilicio-SiO_2, portando all’innesco del danno all’interfaccia e allo sviluppo della frattura all’interno dello strato di ossido, mentre il polisilicio circostante rimane sostanzialmente integro. Questi risultati forniscono nuove evidenze sui meccanismi di cedimento guidati dall’interfaccia nei dispositivi MEMS operanti in condizioni di risonanza.
Multiphysics modeling of resonant MEMS devices: from nonlinear dynamics to interface failure
Calegaro, Daniel
2026
Abstract
Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) are used in a wide range of applications, including automotive, aerospace, consumer electronics, and optical devices. Several MEMS rely on slender beams, membranes, or plates operating under high-frequency or resonant actuation, where cyclic stresses may promote fatigue damage and reduce structural reliability. In SOI-based MEMS architectures, which commonly combine materials such as polysilicon and silicon dioxide (SiO_2), failure may occur not only through bulk fracture, but also through damage processes developing near material interfaces. Despite extensive experimental investigations on fatigue in silicon microstructures, often focused on bulk fracture behavior, the mechanisms governing crack initiation and propagation near interfaces under realistic operating conditions remain insufficiently understood. This thesis develops a multiphysics computational framework to investigate failure at the polysilicon-SiO_2 interface in MEMS structures subjected to resonant dynamic loading. The proposed approach combines nonlinear structural dynamics, reduced-order modeling, experimental characterization, and phase-field fracture simulations to establish a link between device-level dynamic response and the onset of interface-driven damage. A nonlinear reduced-order modeling strategy based on the Direct Parametrization of Invariant Manifolds (DPIM) is developed to efficiently predict the dynamic response of geometrically nonlinear structures. Starting from a finite element formulation, the governing equations are projected onto reduced modal bases, enabling accurate prediction of nonlinear frequency responses and resonant stress amplification at a significantly reduced computational cost. The reduced-order model is applied to the design and analysis of a piezoelectrically actuated MEMS test structure, specifically engineered to amplify tensile stresses at the polysilicon-SiO_2 interface. The predicted dynamic behavior is experimentally validated through laser vibrometry measurements. Fracture initiation and early propagation are investigated using a phase-field cohesive zone model implemented in Abaqus through a user-defined element. The displacement field obtained from the reduced-order dynamic simulations is transferred to a local fracture model to analyze damage evolution under loading conditions representative of resonant operation. The numerical results show that the resulting stress distribution is strongly localized near the polysilicon-SiO_2 interface, leading to damage initiation at the interface and fracture development within the oxide layer while the surrounding polysilicon remains essentially undamaged. These findings provide new insights into interface-driven failure mechanisms in resonant MEMS devices.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/384568
URN:NBN:IT:POLIMI-384568