Climate change and the European Green Deal drive the urgent need to transform how energy is produced, stored, and used. As renewable sources like wind and solar replace fossil fuels, power systems must become more flexible to balance fluctuating supply and demand. This dissertation focuses on Multi-Energy Systems, networks that link electricity, district heating, and other energy carriers to use resources more efficiently and reduce emissions. The main research goal is to design control architectures that make these interconnected systems operate efficiently, reliably, and sustainably. To achieve this, the work follows three steps. First, it develops accurate yet lightweight models of District Heating Networks (DHNs), a key component of MES, to understand and predict their behavior. Second, it designs a predictive control framework that can coordinate the operation of multiple energy systems, balancing costs and performance. Third, it validates these models and control strategies experimentally on a real test facility, demonstrating their practical effectiveness. The methodology combines physical modeling, optimization, and control. A detailed DHN simulator is built in Modelica to test and refine control algorithms. A simplified model supports real-time predictive control of interconnected systems. The study then extends to MES coordination, introducing scalable control architectures that can manage several subsystems while preserving privacy and autonomy. Hierarchical and distributed controllers use shared information only when needed, ensuring efficient cooperation among different energy networks. The results show that the proposed models and control frameworks improve energy effi- ciency reducing operational costs, preserving privacy, and ensuring profit to subsystems. Academically, this work advances the understanding of control-oriented modeling and coordination in complex energy systems. Practically, it offers tested tools and algorithms that help real-world implementations toward a more flexible, low-carbon energy future. This research demonstrates that scalable and optimal control of multi-energy systems is not only possible, but essential for achieving a sustainable and resilient energy transition
l cambiamento climatico e il Green Deal europeo rendono urgente una trasformazione profonda nelle modalità di produzione, accumulo e utilizzo dell’energia. Con la progressiva sostituzione dei combustibili fossili da parte delle fonti rinnovabili, quali eolico e foto- voltaico, i sistemi energetici devono diventare più flessibili per bilanciare una disponibilità di energia sempre più variabile. In questo contesto, la presente dissertazione si concentra sui Sistemi Multi-Energia (MES), reti che integrano elettricità, teleriscaldamento e altri vettori energetici, al fine di impiegare le risorse in modo più efficiente e ridurre le emissioni. L’obiettivo principale della ricerca consiste nel progettare architetture di controllo in grado di rendere questi sistemi interconnessi efficienti, affidabili e sostenibili. A tal fine, il lavoro si articola in tre fasi. In primo luogo, vengono sviluppati modelli accurati ma computazionalmente leggeri delle reti di teleriscaldamento (District Heating Networks, DHN), elemento chiave dei MES, utili a comprenderne e predirne il comportamento. In secondo luogo, viene definita una struttura di controllo predittivo capace di coordinare il funzionamento di più sistemi energetici, bilanciando costi e prestazioni. In terzo luogo, tali modelli e strategie di controllo vengono validati sperimentalmente su un impianto reale, dimostrandone l’efficacia pratica. La metodologia adottata combina modellazione fisica, ottimizzazione e controllo. Un simulatore dettagliato di DHN è realizzato in Modelica per testare e affinare gli algoritmi di controllo, mentre un modello semplificato supporta l’implementazione del controllo predittivo in tempo reale di sistemi interconnessi. Successivamente, l’analisi viene estesa al coordinamento dei MES, introducendo architetture di controllo scalabili in grado di gestire più sottosistemi preservandone al contempo privacy e autonomia. Controller gerarchici e distribuiti condividono soltanto le informazioni strettamente necessarie, garantendo una cooperazione efficiente tra le diverse reti energetiche. I risultati evidenziano come i modelli e le strutture di controllo proposte migliorino l’efficienza energetica, riducano i costi operativi, preservino la privacy e assicurino ben- efici ai sottosistemi. Dal punto di vista scientifico, il lavoro contribuisce ad avanzare lo stato dell’arte nella modellazione orientata al controllo e nel coordinamento di sistemi energetici complessi. Dal punto di vista applicativo, esso fornisce strumenti e algoritmi validati sperimentalmente per favorire implementazioni reali verso un sistema energetico più flessibile e a basse emissioni. La ricerca dimostra che un controllo scalabile e ottimale dei sistemi multi-energia non solo è possibile, ma rappresenta un elemento essenziale per una transizione energetica sostenibile e resiliente.
Scalable multi-energy systems control: design and experimental validation
Nigro, Lorenzo
2026
Abstract
Climate change and the European Green Deal drive the urgent need to transform how energy is produced, stored, and used. As renewable sources like wind and solar replace fossil fuels, power systems must become more flexible to balance fluctuating supply and demand. This dissertation focuses on Multi-Energy Systems, networks that link electricity, district heating, and other energy carriers to use resources more efficiently and reduce emissions. The main research goal is to design control architectures that make these interconnected systems operate efficiently, reliably, and sustainably. To achieve this, the work follows three steps. First, it develops accurate yet lightweight models of District Heating Networks (DHNs), a key component of MES, to understand and predict their behavior. Second, it designs a predictive control framework that can coordinate the operation of multiple energy systems, balancing costs and performance. Third, it validates these models and control strategies experimentally on a real test facility, demonstrating their practical effectiveness. The methodology combines physical modeling, optimization, and control. A detailed DHN simulator is built in Modelica to test and refine control algorithms. A simplified model supports real-time predictive control of interconnected systems. The study then extends to MES coordination, introducing scalable control architectures that can manage several subsystems while preserving privacy and autonomy. Hierarchical and distributed controllers use shared information only when needed, ensuring efficient cooperation among different energy networks. The results show that the proposed models and control frameworks improve energy effi- ciency reducing operational costs, preserving privacy, and ensuring profit to subsystems. Academically, this work advances the understanding of control-oriented modeling and coordination in complex energy systems. Practically, it offers tested tools and algorithms that help real-world implementations toward a more flexible, low-carbon energy future. This research demonstrates that scalable and optimal control of multi-energy systems is not only possible, but essential for achieving a sustainable and resilient energy transition| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/384569
URN:NBN:IT:POLIMI-384569