Dynamic prosthetic feet, which are the most suitable passive feet for potentially active amputees due to their Energy Storage and Return (ESR) capability, are traditionally manufactured using laminated carbon fiber-reinforced composites. Despite their excellent strength-to-weight ratio and durability, laminated designs rely on labor-intensive and costly manufacturing processes with limited customizability, making them inaccessible to a large portion of the amputee population, which is predominantly composed of individuals with low economic status. This thesis investigates Continuous Fiber-Reinforced Additive Manufacturing (CFRAM), as a potential alternative that enables the customization of both the shape and composite structure of prosthetic feet, with the aim of developing dynamic feet with comparable ESR performance at a reduced cost. The research activities combined the development of efficient numerical design tools with the experimental validation of novel CFRAM design concepts. A beam finite element-based optimization tool was first developed for rapid design space exploration, representing the first optimization tool for CFRAM prosthetic feet that explicitly accounts for the composite material structure in the design parametrization. Its limitations motivated the development of a more advanced automated parametric framework integrating MATLAB, Python, and Abaqus, in which the prosthesis geometry is defined by a small set of design variables using fourth-order disk-Bézier curves, and Finite Element (FE) simulations are automatically executed to extract stiffness and material cost estimates. Unlike existing parametric tools in the literature, this framework explicitly incorporates the composite material layout of CFRAM structures (i.e., not limited to the representation of isotropic materials). Besides these tools, an iterative design framework combining FE simulations and prototype testing was implemented, leading to novel design concepts, such as including internal continuous fiber-reinforced rings in the core of the structure. Thanks to these concepts, the CFRAM prostheses developed were the first in the literature to satisfy the ESR criteria defined by the American Orthotic & Prosthetic Association under both heel and forefoot loading conditions, achieving an energy return of 87% and 79%, respectively. However, cyclic loading tests revealed the significantly limited fatigue life exhibited by the prostheses developed. Overall, this thesis establishes an experimentally validated and automated design framework for CFRAM dynamic prosthetic feet, demonstrating their potential as an alternative to traditionally laminated designs. In addition, the addressed objectives contribute towards reducing the trade-off between performance, customization, and cost in the production of dynamic prosthetic feet. However, further work is needed to address the limited fatigue life of the developed designs before they can be considered feasible for clinical use.
I piedi prostetici dinamici, che rappresentano i piedi passivi più idonei per gli amputati potenzialmente attivi grazie alla loro capacità di accumulo e restituzione di energia (ESR), sono tradizionalmente prodotti mediante compositi laminati rinforzati con fibre di carbonio. Nonostante l'eccellente rapporto resistenza-peso e la durabilità, i design laminati si basano su processi produttivi laboriosi e costosi con una personalizzazione limitata, rendendoli inaccessibili a una larga parte della popolazione di amputati, prevalentemente composta da individui con basso status economico. Questa tesi indaga la produzione additiva rinforzata con fibre continue (CFRAM) come potenziale alternativa che consente la personalizzazione sia della geometria sia della struttura composita dei piedi prostetici, con l'obiettivo di sviluppare piedi dinamici con prestazioni ESR comparabili a un costo ridotto. Le attività di ricerca hanno combinato lo sviluppo di efficienti strumenti numerici di progettazione con la validazione sperimentale di nuovi concetti progettuali CFRAM. È stato innanzitutto sviluppato uno strumento di ottimizzazione basato su elementi finiti a trave per un'esplorazione rapida dello spazio di progetto, rappresentando il primo strumento di ottimizzazione per piedi prostetici CFRAM che tenga esplicitamente conto della struttura del materiale composito nella parametrizzazione del design. Le sue limitazioni hanno motivato lo sviluppo di un framework parametrico automatizzato più avanzato, integrante MATLAB, Python e Abaqus, in cui la geometria della protesi è definita da un ridotto insieme di variabili di progetto mediante curve di Bézier su disco del quarto ordine, e le simulazioni agli elementi finiti (FE) vengono eseguite automaticamente per estrarre stime di rigidezza e costo del materiale. A differenza degli strumenti parametrici esistenti in letteratura, questo framework incorpora esplicitamente la disposizione del materiale composito nelle strutture CFRAM (ovvero, non limitandosi alla rappresentazione di materiali isotropi). Oltre a questi strumenti, è stato implementato un framework di progettazione iterativo che combina simulazioni FE e test su prototipi, portando a nuovi concetti progettuali, come l'inclusione di anelli interni in fibra continua rinforzata nel nucleo della struttura. Grazie a questi concetti, le protesi CFRAM sviluppate sono state le prime in letteratura a soddisfare i criteri ESR definiti dall'American Orthotic & Prosthetic Association sia in condizioni di carico sul tallone sia sull'avampiede, raggiungendo una restituzione di energia rispettivamente dell'87% e del 79%. Tuttavia, i test a carico ciclico hanno rivelato una vita a fatica significativamente limitata nelle protesi sviluppate. Nel complesso, questa tesi stabilisce un framework di progettazione automatizzato e sperimentalmente validato per piedi prostetici dinamici CFRAM, dimostrandone il potenziale come alternativa ai design tradizionalmente laminati. Inoltre, gli obiettivi affrontati contribuiscono a ridurre il compromesso tra prestazioni, personalizzazione e costo nella produzione di piedi prostetici dinamici. Tuttavia, è necessario un ulteriore lavoro per affrontare la limitata vita a fatica dei design sviluppati prima che possano essere considerati idonei per l'uso clinico.
Numerical and parametric design frameworks for Continuous Fiber-Reinforced Additively Manufactured dynamic prosthetic feet
Al Thahabi, Abdel Rahman Nedal Ibrahim
2026
Abstract
Dynamic prosthetic feet, which are the most suitable passive feet for potentially active amputees due to their Energy Storage and Return (ESR) capability, are traditionally manufactured using laminated carbon fiber-reinforced composites. Despite their excellent strength-to-weight ratio and durability, laminated designs rely on labor-intensive and costly manufacturing processes with limited customizability, making them inaccessible to a large portion of the amputee population, which is predominantly composed of individuals with low economic status. This thesis investigates Continuous Fiber-Reinforced Additive Manufacturing (CFRAM), as a potential alternative that enables the customization of both the shape and composite structure of prosthetic feet, with the aim of developing dynamic feet with comparable ESR performance at a reduced cost. The research activities combined the development of efficient numerical design tools with the experimental validation of novel CFRAM design concepts. A beam finite element-based optimization tool was first developed for rapid design space exploration, representing the first optimization tool for CFRAM prosthetic feet that explicitly accounts for the composite material structure in the design parametrization. Its limitations motivated the development of a more advanced automated parametric framework integrating MATLAB, Python, and Abaqus, in which the prosthesis geometry is defined by a small set of design variables using fourth-order disk-Bézier curves, and Finite Element (FE) simulations are automatically executed to extract stiffness and material cost estimates. Unlike existing parametric tools in the literature, this framework explicitly incorporates the composite material layout of CFRAM structures (i.e., not limited to the representation of isotropic materials). Besides these tools, an iterative design framework combining FE simulations and prototype testing was implemented, leading to novel design concepts, such as including internal continuous fiber-reinforced rings in the core of the structure. Thanks to these concepts, the CFRAM prostheses developed were the first in the literature to satisfy the ESR criteria defined by the American Orthotic & Prosthetic Association under both heel and forefoot loading conditions, achieving an energy return of 87% and 79%, respectively. However, cyclic loading tests revealed the significantly limited fatigue life exhibited by the prostheses developed. Overall, this thesis establishes an experimentally validated and automated design framework for CFRAM dynamic prosthetic feet, demonstrating their potential as an alternative to traditionally laminated designs. In addition, the addressed objectives contribute towards reducing the trade-off between performance, customization, and cost in the production of dynamic prosthetic feet. However, further work is needed to address the limited fatigue life of the developed designs before they can be considered feasible for clinical use.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/384582
URN:NBN:IT:POLIMI-384582