Introduction Community Health Centers (CHCs) are the new primary physical access point for citizens to local health and social care services. To ensure that these facilities provide services tailored to meet the specific health needs of their target populations (Districts), local administrations must be able to monitor the services provided and adjust them according to the changing demographic and epidemiological characteristics of the communities they serve. Therefore, the current thesis, in collaboration with the Welfare Directorate of the Lombardy Region, have developed a web map using Cloud-Based GIS technology. This map locates the Lombardy CHCs, their social and health service offerings, and the health determinants of the communities, georeferenced at the District level. The tool aims to provide decision-makers with a graphical and interactive representation for immediate comparison between services and health needs, thereby facilitating both the adjustment of services offered by already operational CHCs and the planning of services for facilities still under development. Method The definition of the tool is articulated in two section: Development and Practical. In the Development Section, two georeferenced databases were created: the first pertains to the services provided by individual Lombardy CHCs, obtained through a systematic survey of the "Service Charters" published by the affiliated Local Health and Social Care Agencies; the second identifies measurable indicators used to define Social and Health Determinants (SHDs) at the community level. In the first database, data are collected in binary form (service not provided = 0; service provided = 1); the second reports the data published by the Welfare Directorate inside the yearly epidemiological report (REAL) for the Districts of Lombardy. The databases were uploaded to a Cloud Storage system and processed using the ArcGIS Pro software for the exportation of the web map. The informational pop-ups and graphical output of the final product are customized using expressions in the Arcade programming language. Consequently, the Operationalization and Application Section describes the application of the tool. The testing phase was performed for understanding the coverage of services (related to five SHDs available) of the CHCs operating inside the Districts reporting the most critical values for those indicators. Results The web map displays the social and health services provided by 115 active facilities, accounting for a total of 2,394 services. It also geolocates all 199 CHCs planned under the NRRP in the Lombardy Region. The health determinants mapped are 34, and related to specific clinical conditions. From the application, it has emerged that the mean services coverage of the Districts with the most critical values for the five SHDs selected ranges from 23% to 27%. Conclusions The definition of a GIS-based tool has proven to be effective in identifying critical areas in terms of social and health care coverage of the CHCs in relation to specific indicators, and consequently in helping the decision-making process of the administration to define suitable healthcare supply.
Introduzione Le Case di Comunità (CdC) rappresentano il nuovo principale punto di accesso fisico dei cittadini ai servizi sanitari e socioassistenziali territoriali. Per garantire che queste strutture forniscano servizi adeguati ai bisogni di salute specifici delle popolazioni di riferimento (Distretti), le amministrazioni locali devono essere in grado di monitorare i servizi erogati e adattarli in funzione delle mutevoli caratteristiche demografiche ed epidemiologiche delle comunità servite. Per questo motivo, la presente tesi, sviluppata in collaborazione con la Direzione Generale Welfare di Regione Lombardia, ha realizzato una web map mediante tecnologia GIS cloud-based. La mappa localizza le CdC lombarde, la loro offerta di servizi socio-sanitari e i determinanti di salute delle comunità, georeferenziati a livello distrettuale. Lo strumento mira a fornire ai decisori una rappresentazione grafica e interattiva che consenta un confronto immediato tra servizi offerti e bisogni di salute, facilitando sia l’adeguamento dei servizi delle CdC già operative sia la pianificazione di quelli delle strutture ancora in fase di sviluppo. Metodo La definizione dello strumento si articola in due sezioni: Sviluppo e Applicazione pratica. Nella sezione di Sviluppo sono stati creati due database georeferenziati: il primo riguarda i servizi erogati dalle singole CdC lombarde, ottenuti attraverso una rilevazione sistematica delle “Carte dei Servizi” pubblicate dalle relative Aziende Socio-Sanitarie Territoriali; il secondo identifica indicatori misurabili utilizzati per definire i Determinanti Sociali e Sanitari della Salute (Social and Health Determinants, SHDs) a livello comunitario. Nel primo database i dati sono raccolti in forma binaria (servizio non erogato = 0; servizio erogato = 1); il secondo riporta i dati pubblicati dalla Direzione Generale Welfare all’interno del report epidemiologico annuale (REAL) per i Distretti lombardi. I database sono stati caricati su un sistema di Cloud Storage ed elaborati mediante il software ArcGIS Pro per l’esportazione della web map. I pop-up informativi e gli output grafici del prodotto finale sono stati personalizzati utilizzando espressioni nel linguaggio di programmazione Arcade. Successivamente, la sezione di Operativizzazione e Applicazione descrive l’utilizzo dello strumento. La fase di testing è stata condotta per comprendere il livello di copertura dei servizi (relativi ai cinque SHDs disponibili) da parte delle CdC operative all’interno dei Distretti che presentano i valori più critici per tali indicatori. Risultati La web map mostra i servizi socio-sanitari erogati da 115 strutture attive, per un totale di 2.394 servizi. Inoltre, geolocalizza tutte le 199 CdC previste dal PNRR nella Regione Lombardia. I determinanti di salute mappati sono 34 e sono correlati a specifiche condizioni cliniche. Dall’applicazione è emerso che la copertura media dei servizi nei Distretti con i valori più critici per i cinque SHDs selezionati varia dal 23% al 27%. Conclusioni La definizione di uno strumento basato su GIS si è dimostrata efficace nell’identificazione delle aree critiche in termini di copertura socio-sanitaria delle CdC rispetto a specifici indicatori, supportando di conseguenza il processo decisionale dell’amministrazione nella definizione di un’offerta sanitaria adeguata.
Monitoring the community health centers. Planning the social and healthcare services of community health centers in Lombardy: development of a cloud-based GIS tool for mapping and monitoring local health services, in a population health management approach
ARRUZZOLI, STEFANO
2026
Abstract
Introduction Community Health Centers (CHCs) are the new primary physical access point for citizens to local health and social care services. To ensure that these facilities provide services tailored to meet the specific health needs of their target populations (Districts), local administrations must be able to monitor the services provided and adjust them according to the changing demographic and epidemiological characteristics of the communities they serve. Therefore, the current thesis, in collaboration with the Welfare Directorate of the Lombardy Region, have developed a web map using Cloud-Based GIS technology. This map locates the Lombardy CHCs, their social and health service offerings, and the health determinants of the communities, georeferenced at the District level. The tool aims to provide decision-makers with a graphical and interactive representation for immediate comparison between services and health needs, thereby facilitating both the adjustment of services offered by already operational CHCs and the planning of services for facilities still under development. Method The definition of the tool is articulated in two section: Development and Practical. In the Development Section, two georeferenced databases were created: the first pertains to the services provided by individual Lombardy CHCs, obtained through a systematic survey of the "Service Charters" published by the affiliated Local Health and Social Care Agencies; the second identifies measurable indicators used to define Social and Health Determinants (SHDs) at the community level. In the first database, data are collected in binary form (service not provided = 0; service provided = 1); the second reports the data published by the Welfare Directorate inside the yearly epidemiological report (REAL) for the Districts of Lombardy. The databases were uploaded to a Cloud Storage system and processed using the ArcGIS Pro software for the exportation of the web map. The informational pop-ups and graphical output of the final product are customized using expressions in the Arcade programming language. Consequently, the Operationalization and Application Section describes the application of the tool. The testing phase was performed for understanding the coverage of services (related to five SHDs available) of the CHCs operating inside the Districts reporting the most critical values for those indicators. Results The web map displays the social and health services provided by 115 active facilities, accounting for a total of 2,394 services. It also geolocates all 199 CHCs planned under the NRRP in the Lombardy Region. The health determinants mapped are 34, and related to specific clinical conditions. From the application, it has emerged that the mean services coverage of the Districts with the most critical values for the five SHDs selected ranges from 23% to 27%. Conclusions The definition of a GIS-based tool has proven to be effective in identifying critical areas in terms of social and health care coverage of the CHCs in relation to specific indicators, and consequently in helping the decision-making process of the administration to define suitable healthcare supply.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/384583
URN:NBN:IT:POLIMI-384583