Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are persistent anthropogenic contaminants widely detected in natural waters and associated with severe environmental and human health risks. Their exceptional chemical stability and resistance to conventional water treatment technologies make the development of effective, selective, and regenerable adsorbents a critical research priority. This work explored two distinct classes of advanced magnetic materials for PFAS removal from water: fluoropolymer-functionalized magnetic particles and magnetic metal–organic frameworks (MOFs). In the first part of the study, magnetite particles were functionalized with fluoropolymers (PFPE and S10) and aminosilanes (APTES and AAPTS). Adsorption experiments, initially conducted using PFOA as a model compound, demonstrated that fluorinated functionalities were essential for high PFAS affinity, while amine groups provided additional electrostatic contributions. Among all tested materials, the S10–APTES functionalized magnetite exhibited the best compromise between performance and synthesis cost. This material showed rapid adsorption kinetics, high removal efficiencies across a broad range of PFAS, and promising performance in real AFFF-contaminated groundwater. However, desorption experiments revealed limited regenerability, especially for short-chain PFAS, highlighting the strong and partially irreversible fluorophilic interactions governing adsorption. To overcome the limitations associated with fluorinated adsorbents, the second part of the thesis focused on MOFs as fluorine-free alternatives. Pristine and magnetic MOFs based on UiO-66, HKUST, and MIL-53 were synthesized and thoroughly characterized. Adsorption screening, kinetic studies, isotherm modelling, and multi-cycle tests demonstrated that PFAS uptake in MOFs depends strongly on framework chemistry, metal nodes, defect density, and synthesis conditions. Selected MOFs also demonstrated good performance in multi-PFAS systems and real groundwater, with improved regenerability compared to fluoropolymer-based materials. The findings of this work contributed to a deeper understanding of PFAS adsorption mechanisms and support the rational design of next-generation magnetic adsorbents for water remediation.
Le sostanze per- e poli-fluoro alchiliche (PFAS) sono contaminanti antropogenici persistenti ampiamente diffusi nelle acque e associati a gravi rischi per l'ambiente e la salute umana. La loro eccezionale stabilità chimica e resistenza alle tecnologie convenzionali di trattamento delle acque rendono lo sviluppo di materiali adsorbenti efficaci, selettivi e rigenerabili una ricerca prioritaria. Questo lavoro ha esplorato due classi distinte di materiali magnetici avanzati per la rimozione dei PFAS dall'acqua: particelle magnetiche funzionalizzate con fluoropolimeri e reticoli metallo-organici magnetici (MOF). Nella prima parte dello studio, le particelle di magnetite sono state funzionalizzate con fluoropolimeri (PFPE e S10) e aminosilani (APTES e AAPTS). Gli esperimenti di adsorbimento, inizialmente condotti utilizzando il PFOA come composto modello, hanno dimostrato che le funzionalità fluorurate erano essenziali per un'elevata affinità con i PFAS, mentre i gruppi amminici fornivano ulteriori contributi elettrostatici. Tra tutti i materiali testati, la magnetite funzionalizzata con S10-APTES ha mostrato il miglior compromesso tra prestazioni e costi di sintesi. Questo materiale ha mostrato una cinetica di adsorbimento rapida, un'elevata efficienza di rimozione su un'ampia gamma di PFAS e prestazioni promettenti in acque di falda realmente contaminate da AFFF. Tuttavia, gli esperimenti di desorbimento hanno rivelato una rigenerabilità limitata, soprattutto per i PFAS a catena corta, evidenziando le forti e parzialmente irreversibili interazioni fluoro-fluoro che regolano l'adsorbimento. Per superare i limiti associati agli adsorbenti fluorurati, la seconda parte della tesi si è concentrata sui MOF come alternative prive di fluoro. Sono stati sintetizzati e caratterizzati in modo approfondito MOF, puri e magnetici, basati su UiO-66, HKUST e MIL-53. Lo screening dell'adsorbimento, gli studi cinetici, la modellizzazione isotermica e i test multi-ciclo hanno dimostrato che l'assorbimento dei PFAS nei MOF dipende fortemente dai nodi metallici, dalla densità dei difetti e dalle condizioni di sintesi. Alcuni MOF hanno anche dimostrato buone prestazioni in sistemi multi-PFAS e con acque di falda reali, con una rigenerabilità migliorata rispetto ai materiali a base di fluoropolimeri. I risultati di questo lavoro hanno contribuito a una comprensione più approfondita dei meccanismi di adsorbimento dei PFAS e supportano la progettazione di adsorbenti magnetici di nuova generazione per la bonifica delle acque.
Remediation technologies for PFAS capture and removal from ground waters
Ceriotti, Davide
2026
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are persistent anthropogenic contaminants widely detected in natural waters and associated with severe environmental and human health risks. Their exceptional chemical stability and resistance to conventional water treatment technologies make the development of effective, selective, and regenerable adsorbents a critical research priority. This work explored two distinct classes of advanced magnetic materials for PFAS removal from water: fluoropolymer-functionalized magnetic particles and magnetic metal–organic frameworks (MOFs). In the first part of the study, magnetite particles were functionalized with fluoropolymers (PFPE and S10) and aminosilanes (APTES and AAPTS). Adsorption experiments, initially conducted using PFOA as a model compound, demonstrated that fluorinated functionalities were essential for high PFAS affinity, while amine groups provided additional electrostatic contributions. Among all tested materials, the S10–APTES functionalized magnetite exhibited the best compromise between performance and synthesis cost. This material showed rapid adsorption kinetics, high removal efficiencies across a broad range of PFAS, and promising performance in real AFFF-contaminated groundwater. However, desorption experiments revealed limited regenerability, especially for short-chain PFAS, highlighting the strong and partially irreversible fluorophilic interactions governing adsorption. To overcome the limitations associated with fluorinated adsorbents, the second part of the thesis focused on MOFs as fluorine-free alternatives. Pristine and magnetic MOFs based on UiO-66, HKUST, and MIL-53 were synthesized and thoroughly characterized. Adsorption screening, kinetic studies, isotherm modelling, and multi-cycle tests demonstrated that PFAS uptake in MOFs depends strongly on framework chemistry, metal nodes, defect density, and synthesis conditions. Selected MOFs also demonstrated good performance in multi-PFAS systems and real groundwater, with improved regenerability compared to fluoropolymer-based materials. The findings of this work contributed to a deeper understanding of PFAS adsorption mechanisms and support the rational design of next-generation magnetic adsorbents for water remediation.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/384630
URN:NBN:IT:POLIMI-384630