This doctoral thesis investigates coherent signal processing methods as a foundational enabler for Integrated Sensing and Communication (ISAC) systems. This work adopts coherent processing as a unifying framework for implementing sensing and communication capabilities across heterogeneous platforms and operational scenarios. In this context, Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR), interferometric processing, and backscatter-based communication naturally emerge as specific instances of a broader coherent processing paradigm. A central theme of the thesis is the dual role of phase coherence: on one hand, it enables high-resolution sensing, accurate motion estimation, and information embedding; on the other hand, it is highly sensitive to platform motion, synchronization errors, and hardware non-idealities. This inherent trade-off motivates the development of advanced processing strategies for preserving and recovering coherence under realistic operating conditions. This has been explored into different applications. The first part of the thesis addresses coherent processing for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV)-borne sensing systems. A factorized backprojection framework, called Flexible \& Seamless Factorized BackProjection, is proposed to reduce the computational complexity in UAV-borne SAR focusing scenarios. Building upon this framework, an ISAC application based on Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) waveforms is investigated, demonstrating that communication-compliant signals can sustain coherent imaging and target detection in SAR images. The second contribution focuses on coherent processing within telecommunication infrastructures for Structural Health Monitoring (SHM). An image-domain strategy based on backprojection is introduced to suppress aliased dynamic clutter, extending the sensing capabilities of existing communication hardware beyond conventional Doppler-based methods and validated through experimental data. The third contribution, focused on coherent processing in distributed and unsynchronized systems is then studied in an automotive multistatic scenario. The impact of clock offset and clock drift on coherent image formation is analyzed. A two-stage compensation strategy combining image-domain alignment and interferometric refinement is proposed. Numerical simulations show that coherence can be recovered even in the absence of hardware synchronization, highlighting the potential of signal-processing-based solutions for cooperative ISAC systems. It is worth noting that, at this stage, the proposed methodology has been validated through numerical simulations only. The experimental data proposed in this chapter are meant to validate two fully programmable 80GHz automotive radar prototypes. Finally, a communication-centric ISAC paradigm based on coherent backscattering is explored using a Space-Time Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface, demonstrating that coherent processing can be exploited not only for sensing but also for information transmission through radar echoes. Overall, the results presented in this thesis demonstrate that coherent processing is the common ground to exploit phase, delay, and Doppler information across sensing and communication tasks. Across the considered case studies, coherent processing proved itself to be an essential tool to preserve phase integrity, enable accurate motion compensation, and support reliable sensing using communication waveforms. The results in this doctoral thesis confirm that coherent processing is a fundamental layer for ISAC systems, paving the way toward the next generation of telecommunication systems.
Questa tesi di dottorato indaga i metodi di signal processing coerenti come fattore abilitante fondamentale per i sistemi di Integrated Sensing and Communication (ISAC). Questo lavoro adotta il processing coerente come cornice unificante per implementare capacità di comunicazione e di rilevamento attraverso piattaforme eterogenee e diversi scenari operativi. In questa prospettiva, il Radar ad apertura sintetica (SAR), il processing inteferometrico e la backscatter-based communication emergono naturalmente come istanze specifiche di un più ampio paradigma di coherent processing. Un tema centrale della tesi è il duplice ruolo della coerenza di fase: da un lato, essa consente sensing ad alta risoluzione, stime di movimento accurate e l’information embedding; dall’altro, è estremamente sensibile al moto della piattaforma, agli errori di sincronizzazione e alle non idealità hardware. Questo trade-off intrinseco motiva lo sviluppo di strategie di elaborazione avanzate capaci di preservare o recuperare la coerenza in condizioni operative realistiche. Questo viene declinato in diverse applicazioni. La prima affronta il coherent processing per sistemi di sensing a bordo di Droni. Viene proposto un nuovo framework di factorized backprojection, denominato Flexible \& Seamless Factorized BackProjection, per ridurre i costi computazionali. Sulla base di questo algoritmo, viene investigata un’applicazione ISAC basata sull' OFDM, dimostrando che segnali compatibili con la comunicazione possono supportare imaging coerente e rilevamento dei target nelle immagini SAR. La seconda si concentra sul coherent processing in infrastrutture di telecomunicazione per il monitoraggio della salute strutturale delle infrastrutture (SHM). Viene introdotta una strategia basata sulla backprojection per sopprimere il clutter dinamico affetto da aliasing, estendendo le capacità di sensing dell’hardware di comunicazione esistente oltre i metodi convenzionali basati sul Doppler, e validata tramite dati sperimentali. La terza applicazione si concentra su processing coerente in sistemi distribuiti e non sincronizzati viene poi studiato in uno scenario automobilistico multistatico. Vengono analizzati gli effetti di clock offset e clock drift sulla formazione coerente delle immagini, e viene proposta una strategia di compensazione in due fasi combinando allineamento delle immagini e processing interferometrico. Le simulazioni numeriche mostrano che la coerenza può essere recuperata anche in assenza di sincronizzazione hardware, evidenziando il potenziale di soluzioni basate esclusivamente sul signal processing per sistemi ISAC cooperativi. Va sottolineato che, a questo stadio, la metodologia proposta è stata validata esclusivamente tramite simulazioni numeriche. I dati sperimentali proposti in questo capitolo hanno lo scopo di convalidare due prototipi di radar automobilistico da 80 GHz completamente programmabili. Infine, viene esplorato un paradigma ISAC orientato alla comunicazione basato su coherent backscattering utilizzando una Space-Time Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface (ST-RIS), dimostrando che il coherent processing può essere sfruttato non solo per il sensing, ma anche per la trasmissione di informazioni attraverso gli echi radar. Nel complesso, i risultati presentati in questa tesi dimostrano che l'elaborazione coerente è il terreno comune per sfruttare le informazioni di fase, ritardo e Doppler in attività di rilevamento e comunicazione. Nei casi di studio considerati, l'elaborazione coerente si è dimostrata uno strumento essenziale per preservare l'integrità di fase, consentire un'accurata compensazione del movimento e supportare un rilevamento affidabile utilizzando forme d'onda di comunicazione. I risultati di questa tesi di dottorato confermano che l'elaborazione coerente è un livello fondamentale per i sistemi ISAC, aprendo la strada alla prossima generazione di sistemi di telecomunicazione.
Coherent processing methods for Integrated Sensing and Communication
Polisano, Mattia Giovanni
2026
Abstract
This doctoral thesis investigates coherent signal processing methods as a foundational enabler for Integrated Sensing and Communication (ISAC) systems. This work adopts coherent processing as a unifying framework for implementing sensing and communication capabilities across heterogeneous platforms and operational scenarios. In this context, Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR), interferometric processing, and backscatter-based communication naturally emerge as specific instances of a broader coherent processing paradigm. A central theme of the thesis is the dual role of phase coherence: on one hand, it enables high-resolution sensing, accurate motion estimation, and information embedding; on the other hand, it is highly sensitive to platform motion, synchronization errors, and hardware non-idealities. This inherent trade-off motivates the development of advanced processing strategies for preserving and recovering coherence under realistic operating conditions. This has been explored into different applications. The first part of the thesis addresses coherent processing for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV)-borne sensing systems. A factorized backprojection framework, called Flexible \& Seamless Factorized BackProjection, is proposed to reduce the computational complexity in UAV-borne SAR focusing scenarios. Building upon this framework, an ISAC application based on Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) waveforms is investigated, demonstrating that communication-compliant signals can sustain coherent imaging and target detection in SAR images. The second contribution focuses on coherent processing within telecommunication infrastructures for Structural Health Monitoring (SHM). An image-domain strategy based on backprojection is introduced to suppress aliased dynamic clutter, extending the sensing capabilities of existing communication hardware beyond conventional Doppler-based methods and validated through experimental data. The third contribution, focused on coherent processing in distributed and unsynchronized systems is then studied in an automotive multistatic scenario. The impact of clock offset and clock drift on coherent image formation is analyzed. A two-stage compensation strategy combining image-domain alignment and interferometric refinement is proposed. Numerical simulations show that coherence can be recovered even in the absence of hardware synchronization, highlighting the potential of signal-processing-based solutions for cooperative ISAC systems. It is worth noting that, at this stage, the proposed methodology has been validated through numerical simulations only. The experimental data proposed in this chapter are meant to validate two fully programmable 80GHz automotive radar prototypes. Finally, a communication-centric ISAC paradigm based on coherent backscattering is explored using a Space-Time Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface, demonstrating that coherent processing can be exploited not only for sensing but also for information transmission through radar echoes. Overall, the results presented in this thesis demonstrate that coherent processing is the common ground to exploit phase, delay, and Doppler information across sensing and communication tasks. Across the considered case studies, coherent processing proved itself to be an essential tool to preserve phase integrity, enable accurate motion compensation, and support reliable sensing using communication waveforms. The results in this doctoral thesis confirm that coherent processing is a fundamental layer for ISAC systems, paving the way toward the next generation of telecommunication systems.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/384641
URN:NBN:IT:POLIMI-384641