Over the past decades, the demand for natural resources has increased to the point that it is widely recognized as a major threat to economic, social, and ecological stability. The construction sector is one of the main drivers of this consumption, largely concentrated in urban environments. This trend is expected to intensify, as the global population is projected to grow by approximately 3 billion people by 2050. While the building sector is expected to remain a major contributor to resource depletion, current design practices still operate independently of material availability and resource constraints. This gap limits architects' and planners' capacity to incorporate circularity into design decisions. Establishing a link between material supply (urban stock and recoverable resources) and demand (new construction) is therefore essential to enable a more circular design process. This research addresses the lack of integration between resource availability and architectural design by developing a framework that links urban material stocks with current building-level material demand. Moving beyond generic circular economy principles, the study proposes a methodology to inform early-stage design decisions by quantifying, comparing, and prioritizing secondary material flows at the local scale. The adopted multi-scalar methodology combines material stock analysis, reverse engineering of contemporary buildings, and qualitative insights from expert interviews. A spatially explicit assessment is conducted to estimate the material stock and potential demolition material flows of the city of Milan, based on a system of 53 building archetypes (8 typologies across 7 construction periods) applied to the entire municipal building stock. In parallel, three recently built projects representing distinct construction technologies (reinforced concrete, steel, and engineered timber) are analyzed to quantify material demand. These datasets are integrated to derive an indicator (Secondary Material Fair Share) and a tool (circular priority butterfly) that enable the comparison between available secondary resources and expected material demand. Applied to Milan, the framework estimates an embedded material stock of approximately 159 million tons (117 tons per capita), dominated by mineral fractions. The expected annual outflow (material budget) is about 2.69 million tons per year, corresponding to roughly 1.7% of the embedded stock, with concrete (≈59%) and masonry (≈27%) accounting for most of the secondary resources. The comparison between the two datasets reveals a mismatch: while the secondary supply released from existing stock is mineral-based, contemporary material demand is increasingly diversified across metals, timber, and lightweight systems; the circular priority butterfly makes it explicit and quantifiable at the project scale. The proposed framework supports architects, engineers, developers, and urban planners by introducing a distributed allocation logic for secondary materials. At the project scale, the circular prioritization tool (Circular Priority Butterfly) defines a target share of secondary resources available within a given territorial context and time frame, guiding early-stage design decisions. At the urban scale, it enables alignment between the supply of recoverable materials and aggregate demand from new construction. The research introduces a novel approach that, for the first time, links urban material stock availability to building design through a prioritization system. By linking building-level design to the urban material system, the framework ensures a proportional distribution of resources and enables continuous adjustment as design parameters evolve.
Negli ultimi decenni, la domanda di risorse naturali è cresciuta al punto da essere ormai riconosciuta come una delle principali minacce alla stabilità economica, sociale ed ecologica. Il settore delle costruzioni è tra i principali responsabili di questo consumo, che è in larga parte concentrato negli ambienti urbani. Si prevede che questa tendenza si intensifichi, poiché la popolazione mondiale dovrebbe crescere di circa 3 miliardi di persone entro il 2050. Sebbene il settore edilizio sia destinato a rimanere uno dei principali fattori di esaurimento delle risorse, le pratiche progettuali correnti operano ancora in modo indipendente dalla disponibilità dei materiali e dai vincoli legati alle risorse. Questo divario limita la capacità di architetti e pianificatori di integrare la circolarità nelle decisioni progettuali. Stabilire un collegamento tra l’offerta di materiali (stock urbano e risorse recuperabili) e la domanda (nuova costruzione) risulta dunque essenziale per rendere possibile un processo progettuale più circolare. La ricerca affronta la mancata integrazione tra la disponibilità di risorse e la progettazione architettonica, sviluppando un framework che collega gli stock di materiali urbani alla domanda di materiali degli edifici contemporanei. Superando i principi generici dell'economia circolare, lo studio propone una metodologia per orientare le decisioni progettuali nelle fasi preliminari, attraverso la quantificazione, il confronto e la prioritizzazione dei flussi di materiali secondari a scala locale. La metodologia adottata, di carattere multiscalare, combina l'analisi degli stock di materiali, il reverse engineering di edifici contemporanei e apporti qualitativi provenienti da interviste a esperti. Viene condotta una valutazione spazialmente esplicita per stimare lo stock di materiali e i potenziali flussi da demolizione della città di Milano, sulla base di un sistema di 53 archetipi edilizi (8 tipologie distribuite su 7 periodi costruttivi) applicato all'intero patrimonio edilizio comunale. In parallelo, tre progetti di recente realizzazione, rappresentativi di tecnologie costruttive distinte (calcestruzzo armato, acciaio e legno ingegnerizzato), vengono analizzati per quantificare la domanda di materiali. Questi insiemi di dati vengono integrati per derivare un indicatore (Secondary Material Fair Share) e uno strumento (Circular Priority Butterfly) che consentono il confronto tra le risorse secondarie disponibili e la domanda di materiali attesa. Applicato a Milano, il framework stima uno stock di materiali incorporato di circa 159 milioni di tonnellate (117 tonnellate pro capite), dominato dalle frazioni minerali. Il flusso annuo in uscita atteso (material budget) è di circa 2,69 milioni di tonnellate l'anno, corrispondente a circa l’1,7% dello stock incorporato, con calcestruzzo (≈59%) e muratura (≈27%) che costituiscono la maggior parte delle risorse secondarie. Il confronto tra i due insiemi di dati rivela un disallineamento: mentre l'offerta secondaria derivata dallo stock esistente è a base minerale, la domanda contemporanea di materiali risulta sempre più diversificata tra metalli, legno e sistemi leggeri; il Circular Priority Butterfly rende questo disallineamento esplicito e quantificabile a scala di progetto. Il framework proposto supporta architetti, ingegneri, sviluppatori e pianificatori urbani introducendo una logica di allocazione distribuita delle risorse secondarie. Alla scala del progetto, lo strumento di prioritizzazione circolare (Circular Priority Butterfly) definisce una quota obiettivo di risorse secondarie disponibili in un dato contesto territoriale e orizzonte temporale, orientando le decisioni progettuali preliminari. Alla scala urbana, consente l'allineamento tra l'offerta di materiali recuperabili e la domanda aggregata proveniente dalla nuova costruzione. La ricerca introduce un approccio inedito che, per la prima volta, collega la disponibilità dello stock urbano di materiali alla progettazione dell'edificio mediante un ranking di priorità. Legando la progettazione alla scala dell'edificio al sistema urbano dei materiali, il framework garantisce una distribuzione proporzionale delle risorse e ne consente il continuo aggiustamento al variare dei parametri di progetto.
Design follows availability : a framework linking urban secondary material stocks to circular building demand
Versaci, Michele
2026
Abstract
Over the past decades, the demand for natural resources has increased to the point that it is widely recognized as a major threat to economic, social, and ecological stability. The construction sector is one of the main drivers of this consumption, largely concentrated in urban environments. This trend is expected to intensify, as the global population is projected to grow by approximately 3 billion people by 2050. While the building sector is expected to remain a major contributor to resource depletion, current design practices still operate independently of material availability and resource constraints. This gap limits architects' and planners' capacity to incorporate circularity into design decisions. Establishing a link between material supply (urban stock and recoverable resources) and demand (new construction) is therefore essential to enable a more circular design process. This research addresses the lack of integration between resource availability and architectural design by developing a framework that links urban material stocks with current building-level material demand. Moving beyond generic circular economy principles, the study proposes a methodology to inform early-stage design decisions by quantifying, comparing, and prioritizing secondary material flows at the local scale. The adopted multi-scalar methodology combines material stock analysis, reverse engineering of contemporary buildings, and qualitative insights from expert interviews. A spatially explicit assessment is conducted to estimate the material stock and potential demolition material flows of the city of Milan, based on a system of 53 building archetypes (8 typologies across 7 construction periods) applied to the entire municipal building stock. In parallel, three recently built projects representing distinct construction technologies (reinforced concrete, steel, and engineered timber) are analyzed to quantify material demand. These datasets are integrated to derive an indicator (Secondary Material Fair Share) and a tool (circular priority butterfly) that enable the comparison between available secondary resources and expected material demand. Applied to Milan, the framework estimates an embedded material stock of approximately 159 million tons (117 tons per capita), dominated by mineral fractions. The expected annual outflow (material budget) is about 2.69 million tons per year, corresponding to roughly 1.7% of the embedded stock, with concrete (≈59%) and masonry (≈27%) accounting for most of the secondary resources. The comparison between the two datasets reveals a mismatch: while the secondary supply released from existing stock is mineral-based, contemporary material demand is increasingly diversified across metals, timber, and lightweight systems; the circular priority butterfly makes it explicit and quantifiable at the project scale. The proposed framework supports architects, engineers, developers, and urban planners by introducing a distributed allocation logic for secondary materials. At the project scale, the circular prioritization tool (Circular Priority Butterfly) defines a target share of secondary resources available within a given territorial context and time frame, guiding early-stage design decisions. At the urban scale, it enables alignment between the supply of recoverable materials and aggregate demand from new construction. The research introduces a novel approach that, for the first time, links urban material stock availability to building design through a prioritization system. By linking building-level design to the urban material system, the framework ensures a proportional distribution of resources and enables continuous adjustment as design parameters evolve.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/384812
URN:NBN:IT:POLIMI-384812