Mobility systems are undergoing a profound transformation driven by technological advances, environmental pressures, and evolving societal expectations. Among these forces, Autonomous Driving Vehicles (ADVs) are widely portrayed as an innovation with the potential to reshape transportation systems, industrial structures, and patterns of mobility consumption. However, existing research remains fragmented, and this fragmentation limits the ability to understand how these dimensions interact in shaping the trajectory of autonomous mobility. The overarching objective of this dissertation is to develop an integrated understanding of the autonomous mobility transition by examining the conditions under which ADVs can contribute to sustainable mobility, the barriers influencing their adoption - particularly in the European context - and the ways in which firms and ecosystems are adapting their value creation logics. To achieve this objective, the study adopts a multi-method qualitative research design combining literature reviews, qualitative empirical investigations, and integrative conceptual analyses. This approach enables the triangulation of theoretical insights and practitioner perspectives, allowing the identification of underlying mechanisms shaping the evolution of autonomous mobility systems. The findings reveal that the implications of autonomous mobility cannot be interpreted through a deterministic technological lens. In fact, sustainability outcomes emerge as conditional rather than inherent, depending on the interaction between vehicle automation, electrification, mobility service design, and governance frameworks. At the same time, the diffusion of ADVs is constrained by a complex set of interdependent barriers, including regulatory fragmentation, technological uncertainty, infrastructure limitations, economic viability challenges, and societal acceptance issues. These barriers operate as a coupled system, highlighting that adoption depends on alignment across multiple domains rather than progress in any single dimension. In parallel, the research shows that ADVs are likely to trigger a fundamental transformation of mobility business models, shifting the industry from product-centric logics based on vehicle ownership toward service-oriented and platform-based configurations. Crucially, the viability and sustainability of these models are strongly influenced by contextual factors such as regulatory environments, urban infrastructure, and societal expectations, reinforcing the systemic nature of the transition. The main theoretical contribution of this dissertation lies in advancing a co-evolutionary perspective on autonomous mobility, integrating previously disconnected research streams into a unified analytical framework. From a practical and policy perspective, the findings underscore the need for coordinated strategies that simultaneously address technological development, regulatory alignment, infrastructure investment, and business model experimentation. Overall, this research demonstrates that the future of autonomous mobility will not be determined by technology alone, but by the ability of multiple actors to collectively shape coherent and adaptive socio-technical configurations.
Il settore della mobilità sta attraversando profonde trasformazioni guidate dal progresso tecnologico, dalle pressioni delle politiche ambientali e dall’evoluzione delle aspettative sociali. Tra queste trasformazioni, i veicoli a guida autonoma sono di certo considerati un’innovazione dirompente, con il potenziale di ridefinire i sistemi di trasporto, le strutture industriali e le modalità di fruizione della mobilità. Tuttavia, la letteratura sul tema risulta ancora frammentata, e ciò limita la capacità di comprendere come queste dimensioni interagiscano nel plasmare la traiettoria della mobilità autonoma. L’obiettivo generale di questa tesi è di sviluppare un corpus di conoscenza integrata, analizzando le condizioni in cui i veicoli a guida autonoma possono contribuire a una mobilità più sostenibile, le barriere che ne influenzano l’adozione - in particolare nel contesto europeo - e le modalità con cui imprese ed ecosistemi adatteranno le proprie logiche di creazione del valore. A tal fine, la ricerca adotta uno schema metodologico qualitativo che combina revisioni della letteratura, indagini empiriche qualitative e analisi concettuali integrative. Questo approccio consente la triangolazione tra evidenze teoriche e prospettive dei professionisti, permettendo di identificare i meccanismi sottostanti che guidano l’evoluzione dei sistemi di mobilità autonoma. I risultati evidenziano come le implicazioni della mobilità autonoma non possano essere interpretate attraverso una prospettiva tecnologico-deterministica. Infatti, gli effetti in termini di sostenibilità sono “condizionali”, e non intrinseci, e dipendono dall’interazione tra automazione dei veicoli, elettrificazione, configurazione dei servizi di mobilità e assetti di governance. Al contempo, la diffusione di questi veicoli è vincolata da un insieme complesso di barriere interdipendenti, tra cui frammentazione normativa, incertezza tecnologica, limiti dell’infrastruttura, e problematiche legate all’accettazione sociale. Tali barriere operano sinergicamente, evidenziando come l’adozione dipenda dall’allineamento tra più domini piuttosto che dal progresso in una singola dimensione. Parallelamente, la ricerca mostra come i veicoli a guida autonoma siano destinati a innescare una trasformazione profonda dei modelli di business della mobilità, spostando il settore da logiche prodotto-centriche basate sulla proprietà del veicolo verso configurazioni orientate al servizio. In modo cruciale, la sostenibilità e la fattibilità di tali modelli risultano fortemente influenzate da fattori contestuali quali i quadri regolatori, le infrastrutture urbane e le aspettative sociali, rafforzando la natura sistemica di questa transizione. Il principale contributo teorico di questa tesi consiste nell’utilizzo di una prospettiva co-evolutiva applicata alla mobilità autonoma, capace di integrare filoni di ricerca precedentemente disconnessi all’interno di un quadro analitico unitario. Dal punto di vista pratico, i risultati evidenziano la necessità di strategie coordinate che affrontino simultaneamente lo sviluppo tecnologico, l’allineamento normativo, gli investimenti infrastrutturali e la sperimentazione di nuovi modelli di business Nel complesso, questa ricerca dimostra che il futuro della mobilità autonoma non sarà determinato esclusivamente dal progresso tecnologico, ma dalla capacità di tutta una pluralità di attori di co-progettare configurazioni sociotecniche coerenti e adattive.
Autonomous driving vehicles: an intertwined perspective of sustainability, adoption barriers and business model dynamics in Europe
DE LEO, GIUSEPPE
2026
Abstract
Mobility systems are undergoing a profound transformation driven by technological advances, environmental pressures, and evolving societal expectations. Among these forces, Autonomous Driving Vehicles (ADVs) are widely portrayed as an innovation with the potential to reshape transportation systems, industrial structures, and patterns of mobility consumption. However, existing research remains fragmented, and this fragmentation limits the ability to understand how these dimensions interact in shaping the trajectory of autonomous mobility. The overarching objective of this dissertation is to develop an integrated understanding of the autonomous mobility transition by examining the conditions under which ADVs can contribute to sustainable mobility, the barriers influencing their adoption - particularly in the European context - and the ways in which firms and ecosystems are adapting their value creation logics. To achieve this objective, the study adopts a multi-method qualitative research design combining literature reviews, qualitative empirical investigations, and integrative conceptual analyses. This approach enables the triangulation of theoretical insights and practitioner perspectives, allowing the identification of underlying mechanisms shaping the evolution of autonomous mobility systems. The findings reveal that the implications of autonomous mobility cannot be interpreted through a deterministic technological lens. In fact, sustainability outcomes emerge as conditional rather than inherent, depending on the interaction between vehicle automation, electrification, mobility service design, and governance frameworks. At the same time, the diffusion of ADVs is constrained by a complex set of interdependent barriers, including regulatory fragmentation, technological uncertainty, infrastructure limitations, economic viability challenges, and societal acceptance issues. These barriers operate as a coupled system, highlighting that adoption depends on alignment across multiple domains rather than progress in any single dimension. In parallel, the research shows that ADVs are likely to trigger a fundamental transformation of mobility business models, shifting the industry from product-centric logics based on vehicle ownership toward service-oriented and platform-based configurations. Crucially, the viability and sustainability of these models are strongly influenced by contextual factors such as regulatory environments, urban infrastructure, and societal expectations, reinforcing the systemic nature of the transition. The main theoretical contribution of this dissertation lies in advancing a co-evolutionary perspective on autonomous mobility, integrating previously disconnected research streams into a unified analytical framework. From a practical and policy perspective, the findings underscore the need for coordinated strategies that simultaneously address technological development, regulatory alignment, infrastructure investment, and business model experimentation. Overall, this research demonstrates that the future of autonomous mobility will not be determined by technology alone, but by the ability of multiple actors to collectively shape coherent and adaptive socio-technical configurations.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/384818
URN:NBN:IT:POLIMI-384818