Ground deformation is a key driver of geohazards such as landslides, subsidence, fault slip, and structural instabilities that threaten both natural environments and the human society. The ability to monitor these processes with precision, continuity, and wide-area coverage is essential for hazard mitigation and the protection of critical and cultural assets. In the latest decades, Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) has emerged as one of the most powerful Earth Observation technologies for this purpose, capable of resolving millimetric displacements from space. Yet, despite its promise, the transition of InSAR from a scientific tool to an operational monitoring system is hindered by three persistent limitations: (1) a fragmented and technically demanding processing chains, (2) the ambiguity of raw deformation time series (DefTS), (3) and the absence of a coherent framework that links satellite products to actionable, multi-scale hazard assessments. This dissertation addresses these limitations through the conception and development of the InSAR-based Multi-Scale Integrated Monitoring System (InSAR-MSIMS). The work progresses in three stages. First, a novel Multi-Temporal-InSAR processing chain, named as In2SARP, is developed, integrating a pre-processing package built upon SNAPPY modules, a new algorithm for mitigating atmospheric artifacts and deriving Deformation Time Series (DefTS), and a systematic post-processing workflow for generating geocoded DefTS. Second, the focus shifts from data generation to data preparation, where the DefTS Decoding Framework is established to systematically identify and model irregularities such as seasonality, jumps, turning points, noise, and outliers, and to deal with them. Within this stage, new statistical tools are introduced, including ChaZ (Change Zone test), ChaPDet (Change Point Typology and Position Detector), and TAST (Temporal Alignment using Statistical Testing). These methods are embedded in a generalized framework for Wide-Area Multi-Geohazard Identification, which enables robust, scalable and synergic detection of multiple geohazards, including slow-moving landslides, subsidence, fault activity, and pattern modifications, and is applied on regional-scale datasets from the European Ground Motion Service (EGMS). Finally, the advances in processing and interpretation converge in the InSAR-MSIMS framework, which integrates wide-area satellite screening with local high-resolution InSAR analyses and ground-based geodetic measurements. The framework is demonstrated in the context of the HeMOC (“Heritage MOnitoring in Como”) project, where it supports the permanent monitoring of cultural heritage in Como and guides the strategies for multi-scale integrated investigation. The contributions of this thesis are threefold: i) the creation of an accessible and reproducible InSAR processing chain; ii) the design of robust statistical frameworks for decoding and aligning DefTS; and iii) the development of a generalized, multi-scale monitoring concept that unifies these advances. Together, they transform InSAR from a fragmented analytical technique into an integrated monitoring system, capable of producing reliable and interpretable information for science, risk governance, and cultural heritage conservation. By bridging the gap between raw satellite data and actionable hazard insights, this work positions InSAR not only as a tool for observing deformation but as a cornerstone for operational, interdisciplinary geohazard monitoring.
Le deformazioni del suolo rappresentano un fattore determinante nell’innesco dei rischi idrogeologici quali frane, subsidenza, movimenti tettonici e instabilità strutturali, che minacciano sia l’ambiente naturale che la società. La capacità di monitorare tali processi con precisione, continuità e copertura su vasta area è fondamentale per la mitigazione del rischio e la tutela di beni sensibili, ivi inclusi quelli culturali. Nel corso degli ultimi decenni, l’Interferometria Radar ad Apertura Sintetica (InSAR) si è affermata come una delle più efficaci tecnologie di osservazione della Terra in grado di rilevare spostamenti millimetrici del terreno e dei manufatti sulla base di osservazioni dallo spazio. Tuttavia, nonostante il suo elevato potenziale, la transizione delle tecniche InSAR da strumenti di analisi scientifica a sistemi operativi di monitoraggio è ostacolata da tre limitazioni principali: (1) un flusso di elaborazione dei dati frammentato e tecnicamente complesso, (2) l’ambiguità delle serie temporali di deformazione (DefTS) grezze, e l’assenza di un quadro metodologico coerente che colleghi i prodotti satellitari alle necessarie valutazioni del rischio multi-scala a livello operativo. La presente tesi affronta tali criticità attraverso la concezione e lo sviluppo dell’InSAR-based Multi-Scale Integrated Monitoring System (InSAR-MSIMS). Il lavoro si articola in tre fasi principali. In primo luogo, viene sviluppata una nuova catena di elaborazione MT-InSAR, denominata In2SARP, che integra un pacchetto di pre-laborazione basato sui moduli SNAPPY, un nuovo algoritmo per la mitigazione degli artefatti atmosferici e la derivazione delle DefTS, nonché un flusso sistematico di post-elaborazione per la generazione di serie temporali di deformazione geocodificate. In secondo luogo, l’attenzione si sposta dalla generazione del dato alla sua preparazione e interpretazione, mediante la definizione del DefTS Decoding Framework per l’identificazione e la modellazione sistematica di irregolarità quali stagionalità, discontinuità, punti di inversione, rumore e errori grossolani. In questa fase vengono introdotti nuovi strumenti statistici ChaZ (Change Zone test), ChaPDet (Change Point Typology and Position Detector) e TAST (Temporal Alignment using Statistical Testing). Tali metodologie sono integrate in un quadro generalizzato per l’identificazione multi-rischio a livello idrogeologico su vasta area, che consente il rilevamento robusto, scalabile e sinergico di molteplici fenomeni, tra cui frane lente, subsidenza, attività di faglia e modificazioni dei comportamenti deformativi, applicato a serie di dati regionali ottenute dall’European Ground Motion Service (EGMS). Infine, i progressi nel processamento e nell’interpretazione convergono nella metodologia InSAR-MSIMS, che integra analisi satellitari su vasta area con indagini InSAR locali ad alta risoluzione e misure geodetiche da terra. Questa metodologia è stata validata nel contesto del progetto HeMOC (“Heritage MOnitoring in Como”), che supporta il monitoraggio del patrimonio culturale a Como attraverso il controllo continuo delle deformazioni mediante tecniche GNSS orientando strategie di indagine integrate multi-scala. I contributi principali della tesi sono tre: i) la realizzazione di un metodo di elaborazione dei dati InSAR accessibile e riproducibile; ii) la progettazione di metodi statistici robusti per la decodifica e l’allineamento delle DefTS; iii) lo sviluppo di un concetto generalizzato di monitoraggio multi-scala che integra e unifica tali metodologie. Nel loro insieme, questi strumenti trasformano l’InSAR da tecnica analitica sperimentale a sistema integrato di monitoraggio, capace di produrre informazioni affidabili e interpretabili a supporto della ricerca scientifica, della governance del rischio e della conservazione del patrimonio culturale. Colmando il divario tra i dati satellitari grezzi e le informazioni operative sul rischio, questo lavoro di ricerca propone l’InSAR non solo come strumento di osservazione della deformazione, ma come elemento cardine per il monitoraggio interdisciplinare e operativo del rischio idrogeologico.
InSAR-based based multi-scale integrated monitoring systems: applications to areas of high historic and cultural significance
ESKANDARI, RASOUL
2026
Abstract
Ground deformation is a key driver of geohazards such as landslides, subsidence, fault slip, and structural instabilities that threaten both natural environments and the human society. The ability to monitor these processes with precision, continuity, and wide-area coverage is essential for hazard mitigation and the protection of critical and cultural assets. In the latest decades, Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) has emerged as one of the most powerful Earth Observation technologies for this purpose, capable of resolving millimetric displacements from space. Yet, despite its promise, the transition of InSAR from a scientific tool to an operational monitoring system is hindered by three persistent limitations: (1) a fragmented and technically demanding processing chains, (2) the ambiguity of raw deformation time series (DefTS), (3) and the absence of a coherent framework that links satellite products to actionable, multi-scale hazard assessments. This dissertation addresses these limitations through the conception and development of the InSAR-based Multi-Scale Integrated Monitoring System (InSAR-MSIMS). The work progresses in three stages. First, a novel Multi-Temporal-InSAR processing chain, named as In2SARP, is developed, integrating a pre-processing package built upon SNAPPY modules, a new algorithm for mitigating atmospheric artifacts and deriving Deformation Time Series (DefTS), and a systematic post-processing workflow for generating geocoded DefTS. Second, the focus shifts from data generation to data preparation, where the DefTS Decoding Framework is established to systematically identify and model irregularities such as seasonality, jumps, turning points, noise, and outliers, and to deal with them. Within this stage, new statistical tools are introduced, including ChaZ (Change Zone test), ChaPDet (Change Point Typology and Position Detector), and TAST (Temporal Alignment using Statistical Testing). These methods are embedded in a generalized framework for Wide-Area Multi-Geohazard Identification, which enables robust, scalable and synergic detection of multiple geohazards, including slow-moving landslides, subsidence, fault activity, and pattern modifications, and is applied on regional-scale datasets from the European Ground Motion Service (EGMS). Finally, the advances in processing and interpretation converge in the InSAR-MSIMS framework, which integrates wide-area satellite screening with local high-resolution InSAR analyses and ground-based geodetic measurements. The framework is demonstrated in the context of the HeMOC (“Heritage MOnitoring in Como”) project, where it supports the permanent monitoring of cultural heritage in Como and guides the strategies for multi-scale integrated investigation. The contributions of this thesis are threefold: i) the creation of an accessible and reproducible InSAR processing chain; ii) the design of robust statistical frameworks for decoding and aligning DefTS; and iii) the development of a generalized, multi-scale monitoring concept that unifies these advances. Together, they transform InSAR from a fragmented analytical technique into an integrated monitoring system, capable of producing reliable and interpretable information for science, risk governance, and cultural heritage conservation. By bridging the gap between raw satellite data and actionable hazard insights, this work positions InSAR not only as a tool for observing deformation but as a cornerstone for operational, interdisciplinary geohazard monitoring.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/384820
URN:NBN:IT:POLIMI-384820