Plant stress responses cause a biochemical cascade in which gene ex-pression is altered. Such an event leads to further downstream changes that re-sult in alterations in metabolism to reduce the effect of the stress so the plant can survive/resist it. Stress can induce phenotypic changes, i.e. changes observ-able to the human eye such as colour modification, inhibition of growth, and change in fruit size. Technological development leads to the ability to study or-ganisms such as plants on different biological levels. Omics is a term that en-compasses a wide range of domains in biology such as genomics, transcriptom-ics, proteomics, and metabolomics which are the science of studying genome, transcriptome, and metabolome of a sample, respectively. This PhD project fo-cused on the chemometric (non-targeted) approach of spectroscopic data for studying both abiotic and biotic stress responses in plants. Three studies de-scribed in this PhD thesis demonstrated the feasibility of spectroscopic methods to decipher biological phenomena such as plant abiotic stress as well as biotic stress. In the first study, hemp plant grown in soil contaminated with heavy metals was combined with spirulina for bioremediation purposes. The non-targeted nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis in addition to the quanti-tative inductively coupled plasma--atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) analysis showed specific changes at the metabolic and ionomic levels for the hemp plant affected by the abiotic stress caused by heavy metals. ICP-AES pro-vided an efficient way for detecting residual heavy metals within plant tissues and soil. Importantly, non-targeted metabolomic analysis helped to reveal the relationships between metabolites’ distribution in hemp tissues and the seques-tered metals. Results reported in this work indicate that the hemp/spirulina sys-tem represents a suitable tool for remediation of metal-contaminated soils by modulating biomass production and metals uptake. Also, the combination of spirulina with the hemp plant aided the latter, mainly in terms of health condi-tion, which allows for more survivability during bioremediation. It was demon-strated that hemp accumulates copper, chromium, nickel, and zinc preferential-ly in the leaves, while lead is distributed mainly in the stems of the plant. More-over, it was found that, at higher concentrations, spirulina acts as a growth promoter, contributing to an increase in the final generated biomass. In the second study, olive plants grown in a controlled environment were considered. The analysis focused on cultivated asymptomatic olive leaves. Young olive trees were artificially infected by Xylella fastidiosa subsp. pauca ST53 responsible of olive quick decline syndrome (OQDS). After 2 years of growth, samples from leaves were collected and analysed. By using 1H NMR, HSR, and chemometrics, different OQDS-related diagnostic signals and wave-lengths were identified for infected but asymptomatic leaves. These signals are necessary for the development of sensors capable of detecting the disease at the very early stages. In the third study, olive plants grown in uncontrolled field conditions were considered. Though it is almost impossible to discriminate between healthy leaves and asymptomatic infected leaves at the early stage of infection using visual assessment, chemometrics applied to spectroscopic data provided another way to discriminate amongst both classes. Furthermore, the different supervised chemometric techniques applied to HSR and NMR data were able to discriminate between healthy and asymptomatic infected samples. Also, the Fisher Discriminant (FD) proved to be useful in decreasing the number of fea-tures to be used while having good performance for the three tested supervised machine-learning techniques.
Le risposte delle piante allo stress causano una cascata biochimica in cui l'espressione genica è alterata. Un tale evento porta a ulteriori cambiamenti a valle che provocano alterazioni del metabolismo per ridurre l'effetto dello stress in modo che la pianta possa sopravvivere / resistere. Lo stress può portare a cambiamenti fenotipici, cioè cambiamenti osservabili all'occhio umano come la modifica del colore, l'inibizione della crescita e il cambiamento nelle dimensioni dei frutti. Lo sviluppo tecnologico porta alla capacità di studiare organismi come le piante a diversi livelli biologici. Omica è un termine che comprende una vasta gamma di domini in biologia come genomica, trascrittomica, proteomica e metabolomica che sono, rispettivamente, lo studio del genoma, del trascrittoma e del metaboloma. Questo progetto di dottorato si è concentrato sull'approccio chemiometrico (non-targeted) per analizzare i dati spettroscopici dalle tecnologie omiche mettendo in luce le reazioni nelle piante in seguito ad uno stress biotico o biotico. Itre studi descritti in questa tesi di dottorato hanno dimostrato le potenzialità dei metodi spettroscopici al fine di individuare fenomeni biologici, come lo stress abiotico e biotico nelle piante. Il primo studio, ha riguardato il biorisanamento di un terreno contaminato con metalli pesanti da parte della pianta di canapa in combinazione con la spirulina. L’analisi mediante Risonanza Magnetica Nucleare (NMR) non-targeted e l’analisi quantitativa mediante spettrometria di emissione atomica al plasma ad accoppiamento induttivo (ICP-AES) hanno permesso di rilevare cambiamenti specifici ai livelli metabolici e ionomici all’interno dei tessuti della pianta di canapa affetta dallo stress abiotico dovuto alla presenza di metalli pesanti nel terreno. L’ICP-AES ha permesso di rilevare efficacemente i metalli pesanti residui all'interno dei tessuti vegetali e del suolo. È importante sottolineare che l'analisi metabolomica non-targeted ha contribuito a rivelare le correlazioni tra la distribuzione dei metaboliti nei tessuti della pianta e la tipologia dei metalli sequestrati. I risultati riportati in questo lavoro indicano che il sistema costituito da canapa/spirulina rappresenta uno strumento adatto per la bonifica dei suoli contaminati dai metalli modulando la produzione di biomassa e l’assorbimento dei metalli. Inoltre, l’utilizzo di acqua contenente spirulina per irrigare la pianta di canapa ha permesso a quest’ultima sopravvivere in modo più vigoroso durante il processo di biorisanamento. E’ stato dimostrato che la pianta di canapa accumula alcuni metalli pesanti (rame, cromo ecc.) preferibilmente nelle foglie, mentre il piombo viene localizzato principalmente nello stelo della pianta. E’ stato anche evidenziato come la spirulina, a maggiori concentrazioni agisca da promotore della crescita, contribuendo ad un aumento della biomassa finale. Nel secondo studio sono state prese in considerazione piante di olivo coltivate in ambiente controllato. L’analisi si è concentrata sulle foglie asintomatiche. I giovani olivi sono stati infettati artificialmente da Xylella fastidiosa subsp. pauca ST53 responsabile del complesso del disseccamento rapido dell’olivo (OQDS). Dopo 2 anni di crescita, sono stati raccolti e analizzati campioni di foglie. Utilizzando 1H NMR, HSR e chemiometria, sono stati identificati diversi segnali diagnostici e lunghezze d'onda correlate a OQDS per foglie infette ma ancora asintomatiche. La determinazione di metaboliti (mediante NMR) e di lunghezze d’onda (mediante HSR) specifici sono necessari per lo sviluppo di sensori in grado di rilevare la malattia nelle fasi iniziali. Nel terzo studio sono state prese in considerazione piante di olivo coltivate in condizioni di campo non controllate. Sebbene sia quasi impossibile discriminare tra foglie sane e foglie infette asintomatiche nella fase iniziale delle infezioni utilizzando la valutazione visiva, la chemiometria applicata ai dati spettroscopici ha fornito un’alternativa per discriminare tra queste le classi. Inoltre, le diverse tecniche chemiometriche supervisionate applicate ai dati HSR e NMR sono state in grado di discriminare tra campioni di foglie sane e infette ma asintomatiche. Inoltre, la discriminante di Fisher (FD) si è dimostrata utile per ridurre il numero di variabili da utilizzare mantenendo prestazioni soddisfacenti
Early-detection of plant stress using spectroscopy and chemometrics
Ahmed, Elhussein Mohamed Fouad Mourad
2023
Abstract
Plant stress responses cause a biochemical cascade in which gene ex-pression is altered. Such an event leads to further downstream changes that re-sult in alterations in metabolism to reduce the effect of the stress so the plant can survive/resist it. Stress can induce phenotypic changes, i.e. changes observ-able to the human eye such as colour modification, inhibition of growth, and change in fruit size. Technological development leads to the ability to study or-ganisms such as plants on different biological levels. Omics is a term that en-compasses a wide range of domains in biology such as genomics, transcriptom-ics, proteomics, and metabolomics which are the science of studying genome, transcriptome, and metabolome of a sample, respectively. This PhD project fo-cused on the chemometric (non-targeted) approach of spectroscopic data for studying both abiotic and biotic stress responses in plants. Three studies de-scribed in this PhD thesis demonstrated the feasibility of spectroscopic methods to decipher biological phenomena such as plant abiotic stress as well as biotic stress. In the first study, hemp plant grown in soil contaminated with heavy metals was combined with spirulina for bioremediation purposes. The non-targeted nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis in addition to the quanti-tative inductively coupled plasma--atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) analysis showed specific changes at the metabolic and ionomic levels for the hemp plant affected by the abiotic stress caused by heavy metals. ICP-AES pro-vided an efficient way for detecting residual heavy metals within plant tissues and soil. Importantly, non-targeted metabolomic analysis helped to reveal the relationships between metabolites’ distribution in hemp tissues and the seques-tered metals. Results reported in this work indicate that the hemp/spirulina sys-tem represents a suitable tool for remediation of metal-contaminated soils by modulating biomass production and metals uptake. Also, the combination of spirulina with the hemp plant aided the latter, mainly in terms of health condi-tion, which allows for more survivability during bioremediation. It was demon-strated that hemp accumulates copper, chromium, nickel, and zinc preferential-ly in the leaves, while lead is distributed mainly in the stems of the plant. More-over, it was found that, at higher concentrations, spirulina acts as a growth promoter, contributing to an increase in the final generated biomass. In the second study, olive plants grown in a controlled environment were considered. The analysis focused on cultivated asymptomatic olive leaves. Young olive trees were artificially infected by Xylella fastidiosa subsp. pauca ST53 responsible of olive quick decline syndrome (OQDS). After 2 years of growth, samples from leaves were collected and analysed. By using 1H NMR, HSR, and chemometrics, different OQDS-related diagnostic signals and wave-lengths were identified for infected but asymptomatic leaves. These signals are necessary for the development of sensors capable of detecting the disease at the very early stages. In the third study, olive plants grown in uncontrolled field conditions were considered. Though it is almost impossible to discriminate between healthy leaves and asymptomatic infected leaves at the early stage of infection using visual assessment, chemometrics applied to spectroscopic data provided another way to discriminate amongst both classes. Furthermore, the different supervised chemometric techniques applied to HSR and NMR data were able to discriminate between healthy and asymptomatic infected samples. Also, the Fisher Discriminant (FD) proved to be useful in decreasing the number of fea-tures to be used while having good performance for the three tested supervised machine-learning techniques.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/64032
URN:NBN:IT:POLIBA-64032