The temple is the home of the gods. The house is the temple of men. From the beginning, architecture deals with the issues of construction always based on the archetype of the house and, on a large scale, on the concept of living. Living in a space. The methods and techniques used for the construction of the limits define the compositional and spatial characteristics. The task of architecture is to restore formal expressiveness to the construction system used. To build his house, man has always taken the nature that surrounded him as a reference model: he observes it, becomes aware of it, then tries to grasp its fundamental principles and use them to create built spaces, governing materials and laws physical to which they are subject. If at first man took refuge in the cave and began to remove matter to create his home, then he began to overcome his fears by starting to build the hut outside the cave. Stereotomic architecture is the architecture of the cave. Tectonic architecture is the architecture of the hut. These two great definitions of architecture define not only opposite construction principles, but completely different ways of thinking and doing architecture. The first works on the subtraction of material, on creating a hollow space, enclosed, delimited by matter, intimate; the second instead, through the addition of autonomous elements, determines a discontinuous, discrete space made up of harmonically juxtaposed parts, in order to outline a whole made up of autonomously intelligible elements. Tectonics, in design practice, indicates the dependence of all constructed organisms on the laws of gravity and on the systems capable of governing them, including the physical characteristics of materials. In architecture, tectonics is the study of the syntax of construction. It is the study of the way, that is, through which a designer organizes the parts of an architectural structure according to a constructive and formal logic at the same time. Tectonics is therefore the art of composing par excellence. The art of finding an exact and coherent shape capable of representing the constructive act. This doctoral thesis aims to investigate, through the research of Alberto Campo Baeza, one of the most important exponents in the contemporary scene, on stereotomy and tectonics, the grammars and syntaxes that the architect has been able to leave us with his theoretical and design production. The aim of this investigation is to be able to delineate the constitutive paradigms of the dichotomous architecture of the Madrid architect through the contemporary project in order to return them to a broader and more general vision of contemporary architectural composition. The two terms, stereotomic and tectonic, collected by Gottfried Semper, brought to light, with extreme scientific and critical accuracy, by Kenneth Frampton, are tools for Campo Baeza to elaborate a more precise architecture, so much so as to define the entire architecture as a product between stereotomy and tectonics, giving for the first time, in the wake of Frampton's inaugural, the same degree of value to the idea of stereotomic architecture as compared to the tectonic one. The dichotomy between stereotomy and tectonics is the keystone of the architectural research of the modern world, which is still reflected today as a consolidated theoretical foundation and occupies a large part of the cultural and design production of the contemporary world; is the paradigm that expresses the ability of architecture to tell its construction principles through the expressiveness of the forms of the building. Through the critical redesign of four houses, belonging to the same architectural type, which we could call 'podium-column' in which the architectural idea is manifested through a large podium / base - the stylobate - surmounted by a trilithic column-roof system, the thesis retraces Baezian research on the variation of the type in infinite solutions, in so doing, reconfirming the type itself and the architectural thought on which it is based. The linguistic syntax will be translated from the critical study of the elements of the composition. The connection between these two great constructive and formal systems will generate a precise, defined, dichotomous space. This reading of the case studies becomes indispensable for understanding and demonstrating that the threshold and the limit take on different linguistic codifications in relation to the system adopted, such as to define distinct but always complementary characters of spatiality. Through the presence and absence of the limit, a space is declared, in the first case, stereotomic, in the second, tectonic. The genius of the Madrid architect lies in proposing a vision of architecture that clearly shows the two paradigms in a single project, in which one does not deny the other and a clear and precise idea of construction and architecture is manifested. The four investigated works are broken down and analyzed in their autonomously distinguishable parts, in order to define a set of codes and compositional rules for the construction of a wall space and a trilithic space. Ultimately, the thesis in question tries to express the desire to confirm this theoretical practice as universally shared and, on the other hand, to propose this architectural knowledge as a Mediterranean model of reference. A model that unites all Baeza's works, a model that sees the Madrid school and the Italian school marry in a single architectural dream: topos, typos and tectonic, as foundations of an architectural culture that is still current and capable of giving justification and appropriateness to the project. The wall architecture thus becomes the emblem that proposes a re-evaluation of stereotomic characters in Mediterranean culture, re-appropriating an architecture that belongs to it. Four Baezian houses are placed on the same study table; four similar but different architectures, which in their metamorphosis of elements and geometries, demonstrate the infinite power of the essential as a response to the chaos of the international design landscape.
Il tempio è la casa degli dei. La casa è il tempio degli uomini. L’architettura, sin dal principio, affronta le tematiche della costruzione sempre basandosi sull’archetipo di casa e, in larga scala, sul concetto dell’abitare. Abitare uno spazio. I modi e le tecniche impiegati per la costruzione dei limiti definiscono i caratteri compositivi e spaziali. Compito dell’architettura è quello di restituire un’espressività formale al sistema costruttivo impiegato. L’uomo per costruire la sua casa ha da sempre preso come modello di riferimento la natura che lo circondava: la osserva, ne prende coscienza, poi tenta di coglierne i principi fondamentali e di utilizzarli per creare spazi costruiti, governandone i materiali e le leggi fisiche a cui essi sottostanno. Se dapprima l’uomo si è rifugiato nella caverna e ha iniziato ad asportare materia per creare la sua dimora, in seguito ha iniziato a superare le proprie paure cominciando a costruire, fuori dall’antro, la capanna. L’architettura stereotomica è l’architettura della caverna. L’architettura tettonica è l’architettura della capanna. Queste due grandi definizioni di architettura definiscono non solo dei principi di costruzione opposti, bensì modi di pensare e fare architettura completamente diversi. Il primo lavora sulla sottrazione di materiale, sul creare uno spazio cavo, racchiuso, delimitato dalla materia, intimo; il secondo invece, attraverso l’addizione di elementi autonomi determina uno spazio discontinuo, discreto e fatto di parti armonicamente giustapposte, al fine di delineare un tutto fatto di elementi autonomamente intellegibili. La tettonica, nella pratica progettuale, indica la dipendenza di tutti gli organismi costruiti dalle leggi di gravità e dai sistemi atti a governarle, inclusi i caratteri fisici dei materiali. In architettura la tettonica è lo studio della sintassi della costruzione. È lo studio del modo, cioè, attraverso cui un progettista organizza le parti di una struttura architettonica secondo una logica costruttiva e formale allo stesso tempo. La tettonica è dunque l’arte del comporre per eccellenza. L’arte di trovare una forma esatta e coerente in grado di rappresentare l’atto costruttivo. Questa tesi dottorale vuole indagare, attraverso la ricerca di Alberto Campo Baeza, uno degli esponenti più importanti nel panorama contemporaneo, sulla stereotomia e la tettonica, le grammatiche e le sintassi che l’architetto ha saputo lasciarci con la sua produzione teorica e progettuale. Il fine di questa indagine è riuscire a delineare attraverso il progetto contemporaneo i paradigmi costitutivi dell’architettura dicotomica dell’architetto madrileno per restituirli in una visione più ampia e generale sulla composizione architettonica contemporanea. I due termini, stereotomico e tettonico, raccolti da Gottfried Semper, riportati in luce, con estrema accuratezza scientifica e critica, da Kenneth Frampton, sono per Campo Baeza strumenti per elaborare un’architettura più precisa, tanto da definire l’intera architettura come prodotto tra stereotomia e tettonica, dando per la prima volta, sulla scia inaugurale di Frampton, lo stesso grado di valenza all’idea di architettura di carattere stereotomico rispetto a quello tettonico. La dicotomia tra stereotomia e tettonica è la chiave di volta della ricerca architettonica del mondo moderno, che ancora oggi si riflette come fondamento teoretico consolidato ed occupa gran parte della produzione culturale e progettuale del mondo contemporaneo; è il paradigma che esprime la capacità dell’architettura di raccontarne i principi costruttivi attraverso l’espressività delle forme della costruzione. Attraverso il ridisegno critico di quattro case, appartenenti allo stesso tipo architettonico, che potremmo chiamare ‘podio-colonna’ in cui l’idea architettonica si manifesta attraverso un grande podio/basamento – lo stilobate – sormontato da un sistema trilitico colonna-tetto, la tesi ripercorre la ricerca baeziana sulla variazione del tipo in infinite soluzioni, così facendo, riconfermando il tipo stesso e il pensiero architettonico su cui esso si fonda. Dallo studio critico degli elementi della composizione si tradurrà la sintassi linguistica. La messa in relazione tra questi due grandi sistemi costruttivi e formali genererà uno spazio preciso, definito, dicotomico. Questa lettura dei casi studio diventa indispensabile per comprendere e dimostrare che la soglia e il limite assumono codificazioni linguistiche diverse in relazione al sistema adottato, tali da definire caratteri di spazialità distinti, ma sempre complementari. Attraverso la presenza e l’assenza del limite si dichiara uno spazio, nel primo caso, stereotomico, nel secondo, tettonico. Il genio dell’architetto madrileno sta nel proporre una visione di architettura che mostra chiaramente i due paradigmi in un unico progetto, in cui l’uno non nega l’altro e si manifesta un’idea chiara e precisa di costruzione e di architettura. Le quattro opere indagate vengono scomposte e analizzate nelle loro parti autonomamente distinguibili, al fine di definire un corredo di codici e regole compositive per la costruzione di uno spazio murario e uno spazio trilitico. In ultima battuta, la tesi in questione cerca di manifestare la volontà di confermare questa pratica teoretica come universalmente condivisa e, d’altro canto, di proporre questa sapienza architettonica come modello mediterraneo di riferimento. Un modello che accomuna tutte le opere di Baeza, un modello che vede la scuola madrilena e la scuola italiana sposarsi in un unico sogno d’architettura: topos, typos and tectonic, come fondamenti di una cultura architettonica ancora attuale e capace di dare giustificazione ed appropriatezza al progetto. L’architettura muraria diventa dunque l’emblema che propone una rivalutazione dei caratteri stereotomici nella cultura mediterranea, riappropriandosi di un’architettura che le appartenga. Quattro case baeziane sono messe sullo stesso tavolo di studio; quattro architetture simili ma diverse, che nella loro metamorfosi minuziosa degli elementi e delle geometrie, dimostrano l’infinita potenza dell’essenziale come risposta al caos del panorama progettuale internazionale.
Tectonics of the contemporary temple. Syntactic and spatial variations of the type between presence and absence of limits through four houses of Alberto Campo Baeza.
Veneziani, Marco
2021
Abstract
The temple is the home of the gods. The house is the temple of men. From the beginning, architecture deals with the issues of construction always based on the archetype of the house and, on a large scale, on the concept of living. Living in a space. The methods and techniques used for the construction of the limits define the compositional and spatial characteristics. The task of architecture is to restore formal expressiveness to the construction system used. To build his house, man has always taken the nature that surrounded him as a reference model: he observes it, becomes aware of it, then tries to grasp its fundamental principles and use them to create built spaces, governing materials and laws physical to which they are subject. If at first man took refuge in the cave and began to remove matter to create his home, then he began to overcome his fears by starting to build the hut outside the cave. Stereotomic architecture is the architecture of the cave. Tectonic architecture is the architecture of the hut. These two great definitions of architecture define not only opposite construction principles, but completely different ways of thinking and doing architecture. The first works on the subtraction of material, on creating a hollow space, enclosed, delimited by matter, intimate; the second instead, through the addition of autonomous elements, determines a discontinuous, discrete space made up of harmonically juxtaposed parts, in order to outline a whole made up of autonomously intelligible elements. Tectonics, in design practice, indicates the dependence of all constructed organisms on the laws of gravity and on the systems capable of governing them, including the physical characteristics of materials. In architecture, tectonics is the study of the syntax of construction. It is the study of the way, that is, through which a designer organizes the parts of an architectural structure according to a constructive and formal logic at the same time. Tectonics is therefore the art of composing par excellence. The art of finding an exact and coherent shape capable of representing the constructive act. This doctoral thesis aims to investigate, through the research of Alberto Campo Baeza, one of the most important exponents in the contemporary scene, on stereotomy and tectonics, the grammars and syntaxes that the architect has been able to leave us with his theoretical and design production. The aim of this investigation is to be able to delineate the constitutive paradigms of the dichotomous architecture of the Madrid architect through the contemporary project in order to return them to a broader and more general vision of contemporary architectural composition. The two terms, stereotomic and tectonic, collected by Gottfried Semper, brought to light, with extreme scientific and critical accuracy, by Kenneth Frampton, are tools for Campo Baeza to elaborate a more precise architecture, so much so as to define the entire architecture as a product between stereotomy and tectonics, giving for the first time, in the wake of Frampton's inaugural, the same degree of value to the idea of stereotomic architecture as compared to the tectonic one. The dichotomy between stereotomy and tectonics is the keystone of the architectural research of the modern world, which is still reflected today as a consolidated theoretical foundation and occupies a large part of the cultural and design production of the contemporary world; is the paradigm that expresses the ability of architecture to tell its construction principles through the expressiveness of the forms of the building. Through the critical redesign of four houses, belonging to the same architectural type, which we could call 'podium-column' in which the architectural idea is manifested through a large podium / base - the stylobate - surmounted by a trilithic column-roof system, the thesis retraces Baezian research on the variation of the type in infinite solutions, in so doing, reconfirming the type itself and the architectural thought on which it is based. The linguistic syntax will be translated from the critical study of the elements of the composition. The connection between these two great constructive and formal systems will generate a precise, defined, dichotomous space. This reading of the case studies becomes indispensable for understanding and demonstrating that the threshold and the limit take on different linguistic codifications in relation to the system adopted, such as to define distinct but always complementary characters of spatiality. Through the presence and absence of the limit, a space is declared, in the first case, stereotomic, in the second, tectonic. The genius of the Madrid architect lies in proposing a vision of architecture that clearly shows the two paradigms in a single project, in which one does not deny the other and a clear and precise idea of construction and architecture is manifested. The four investigated works are broken down and analyzed in their autonomously distinguishable parts, in order to define a set of codes and compositional rules for the construction of a wall space and a trilithic space. Ultimately, the thesis in question tries to express the desire to confirm this theoretical practice as universally shared and, on the other hand, to propose this architectural knowledge as a Mediterranean model of reference. A model that unites all Baeza's works, a model that sees the Madrid school and the Italian school marry in a single architectural dream: topos, typos and tectonic, as foundations of an architectural culture that is still current and capable of giving justification and appropriateness to the project. The wall architecture thus becomes the emblem that proposes a re-evaluation of stereotomic characters in Mediterranean culture, re-appropriating an architecture that belongs to it. Four Baezian houses are placed on the same study table; four similar but different architectures, which in their metamorphosis of elements and geometries, demonstrate the infinite power of the essential as a response to the chaos of the international design landscape.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/64410
URN:NBN:IT:POLIBA-64410