In recent years, considering the growing interest in the scientific community regarding the themes of sustainability and CO2 footprint reduction, a new class of materials mainly known as Alkali Activated Materials (AAMs) have been studied. These innovative materials, including those classified as geopolymers, were introduced as new construction materials as alternative to traditional cements, Ordinary Portland Cements (OPC). The raw materials normally used in the production of these kind of materials are amorphous aluminosilicates (such as clay, slags, fly ash, volcanic ash) which are dissolved and react in alkaline environment. Many research studies have been carried out to investigate the possibility to reuse waste materials as precursors in the production of geopolymers with the aim to minimize the impact on the environment. It has been assessed that, depending on the raw materials utilized and the processing conditions, AAMs can exhibit a wide variety of properties, (e.g. high level of resistance to different acids and salt solutions, fire resistance, low shrinkage and low thermal conductivity, high mechanical strength). Furthermore, considering the versatility of AAMs and their compatibility with natural stones, their application in the restoration of stone materials is being evaluated. This PhD project is focused on the potentiality and suitability of the use of clay sediments cropping out in Sicily as precursors for the production of new alkaline-activated binders able to provide properties similar to those of Portland cement. The main advantages of the use of clay sediments are the simplicity in finding materials of this type anywhere in the world, thus obtaining a reduction of transport distances and favoring local economies. Furthermore, the use of these alternative materials allows to obtain a reduction in CO2 emissions compared to traditional cement, as firing at high temperatures is no longer necessary. The thesis can be divided as follows: 1.The first part looks at the State of the art with the introduction of AAMs. Their characteristics, the geopolymerization process and their applicability are discussed in detail. 2.The second part concerns the Geological Setting of Sicily and the raw materials utilized in this thesis as precursors. The multi-analytical characterization of the raw materials utilized for AAMs synthesis carried is discussed in detail. 3.Finally, the third part describes the geopolymers synthesis, and the characterization of all the specimens obtained through different techniques such as (Integrity test, X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Diffuse Reflectance Infrared Fourier Transform Spectroscopy (DRIFT), Raman spetroscopy, Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry (MIP), Capillary water absorption test, Vicat Nedlee Test).
Negli ultimi anni, considerando il crescente interesse della comunità scientifica sui temi della sostenibilità e della riduzione nell’emissioni di CO2, una nuova classe di materiali, conosciuti principalmente come Alkali Activated Materials (AAMs), è stata studiata. Questi materiali innovativi, compresi quelli classificati come geopolimeri, sono stati introdotti come materiali da costruzione in alternativa ai cementi tradizionali, gli Ordinary Portland Cements (OPC). Le materie prime normalmente utilizzate nella produzione di questo tipo di materiali sono gli alluminosilicati amorfi (come argilla, scorie, ceneri volanti, ceneri vulcaniche) che si dissolvono e reagiscono in ambiente alcalino. Al fine di valutare la possibilità di riutilizzare i materiali di scarto come precursori nella produzione di geopolimeri con lo scopo di minimizzare l’impatto ambientale, sono stati condotti diversi studi di ricerca. A seconda delle materie prime utilizzate e delle condizioni di lavorazione, i materiali attivati alcalinamente presentano un'ampia varietà di proprietà come ad esempio: un alto livello di resistenza a diversi acidi e soluzioni saline, resistenza al fuoco, basso ritiro e bassa conducibilità termica, alta resistenza meccanica. Inoltre, considerando la versatilità di questi materiali innovativi e la loro compatibilità con le pietre naturali, si sta valutando la loro applicazione nel restauro di materiali lapidei. Considerato quanto detto, questo progetto di dottorato è stato incentrato sulle potenzialità e l'idoneità dell'uso dei sedimenti argillosi che affiorano in Sicilia come precursori per la produzione di nuovi leganti alcalini in grado di fornire proprietà simili a quelle del cemento Portland. I principali vantaggi dell'utilizzo dei sedimenti argillosi sono la semplicità nel reperire materiali di questo tipo in qualsiasi parte del mondo, ottenendo così una riduzione delle distanze di trasporto e favorendo le economie locali. Inoltre, l'utilizzo di questi materiali alternativi permette di ottenere una riduzione delle emissioni di CO2 rispetto al cemento tradizionale, in quanto non è più necessaria la cottura ad alte temperature. La tesi è stata suddivisa nel seguente modo: 1. La prima parte esamina lo stato dell'arte dei materiali di nuova generazione. In particolare vengono descritte le loro caratteristiche, il processo di geopolimerizzazione e la loro applicabilità. 2. La seconda parte riguarda il contesto geologico della Sicilia e le materie prime utilizzate in questa tesi come precursori. Nel dettaglio viene approfondita la caratterizzazione multi-analitica delle materie prime utilizzate per la sintesi delle AAMs. 3. La terza ed ultima parte descrive la sintesi dei geopolimeri e la caratterizzazione di tutti i campioni ottenuti attraverso diverse tecniche analitiche quali: test di integrità, diffrazione dei raggi X (XRD), microscopia elettronica a scansione (SEM), spettroscopia infrarossa a trasformata di Fourier (FTIR), spettroscopia infrarossa a riflessione diffusa a trasformata di Fourier (DRIFT), spettroscopia Raman, porosimetria ad intrusione di mercurio (MIP), test di assorbimento d'acqua capillare, Vicat Nedlee Test;
"Produzione di materiali geopolimerici attraverso l'uso di sedimenti argillosi Siciliani"
STROSCIO, ANTONIO
2022
Abstract
In recent years, considering the growing interest in the scientific community regarding the themes of sustainability and CO2 footprint reduction, a new class of materials mainly known as Alkali Activated Materials (AAMs) have been studied. These innovative materials, including those classified as geopolymers, were introduced as new construction materials as alternative to traditional cements, Ordinary Portland Cements (OPC). The raw materials normally used in the production of these kind of materials are amorphous aluminosilicates (such as clay, slags, fly ash, volcanic ash) which are dissolved and react in alkaline environment. Many research studies have been carried out to investigate the possibility to reuse waste materials as precursors in the production of geopolymers with the aim to minimize the impact on the environment. It has been assessed that, depending on the raw materials utilized and the processing conditions, AAMs can exhibit a wide variety of properties, (e.g. high level of resistance to different acids and salt solutions, fire resistance, low shrinkage and low thermal conductivity, high mechanical strength). Furthermore, considering the versatility of AAMs and their compatibility with natural stones, their application in the restoration of stone materials is being evaluated. This PhD project is focused on the potentiality and suitability of the use of clay sediments cropping out in Sicily as precursors for the production of new alkaline-activated binders able to provide properties similar to those of Portland cement. The main advantages of the use of clay sediments are the simplicity in finding materials of this type anywhere in the world, thus obtaining a reduction of transport distances and favoring local economies. Furthermore, the use of these alternative materials allows to obtain a reduction in CO2 emissions compared to traditional cement, as firing at high temperatures is no longer necessary. The thesis can be divided as follows: 1.The first part looks at the State of the art with the introduction of AAMs. Their characteristics, the geopolymerization process and their applicability are discussed in detail. 2.The second part concerns the Geological Setting of Sicily and the raw materials utilized in this thesis as precursors. The multi-analytical characterization of the raw materials utilized for AAMs synthesis carried is discussed in detail. 3.Finally, the third part describes the geopolymers synthesis, and the characterization of all the specimens obtained through different techniques such as (Integrity test, X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Diffuse Reflectance Infrared Fourier Transform Spectroscopy (DRIFT), Raman spetroscopy, Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry (MIP), Capillary water absorption test, Vicat Nedlee Test).File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/72233
URN:NBN:IT:UNICT-72233