The aim of this PhD thesis was to evaluate the bioaccumulation of two heavy metals, cadmium and lead, and the resulting biological responses provided (biomarkers) in three oniscidean isopods species - Armadillidium granulatum Brandt, Armadillidium vulgare (Latreille) and Porcellio laevis Latreille - that are present and abundant in several areas of Sicily affected by environmental pollution, in order to verify their possible use in future biomonitoring programs. At this purpose, an experimental protocol, based on the administration for three weeks of food contaminated with three different concentrations of the two heavy metals was used. The aspects taken into account were: 1. heavy metals accumulation levels in animal tissues by means of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS); 2. morphological, histological and ultrastructural alterations of the hepatopancreas, the main organ of heavy metals accumulation; 3. expression of biochemical indicators of metal-induced stress, such as metallothioneins (MT) and heat shock proteins 70 (Hsp70), visualized with immunocytochemical methods; 4. molecular cloning of metallothioneins cDNA and analysis of metallothionein gene expression. The results showed that in oniscidean isopods, the heavy metals accumulation is related to the concentration used, but in different ways in relation to the metal and to the species tested. All the three species accumulated far less lead than cadmium; in particular, A. vulgare was the species most capable of lead accumulation, especially at higher concentrations of the metal administered, while P. laevis showed the highest capacity to accumulate cadmium, so that the highest concentration was lethal for all animals treated. Three weeks of exposure to higher concentrations of both heavy metals caused significant alterations both of the general morphological and histological organization of the hepatopancreas tubules and of the ultrastructural organization of the epithelial cells of the organ; some of these alterations could be used as biomarkers of exposure. The employ of anti-MT and anti-Hsp70 antibodies was effective to detect the presence of these molecules in the epithelium of the organ, the presence and distribution of which were considerably different in relation to the metal and to the species examined; these aspects could be used as biomarkers of effect. Molecular investigations, aimed at the cDNA cloning and analysis of metallothioneins' gene expression, based on a protocol already used successfully for other species of invertebrates, including crustacean decapods, were not successful because of persistent phenolic contamination of the RNA extracted from a pool of hepatopancreas of the contaminated animals. In conclusion, the research has confirmed that oniscidean isopods could be considered ideal indicators of heavy metals pollution and that their exposure to these environmental pollutants led to morphological and ultrastructural alterations of the hepatopancreas, the degree of which are dose- and species-dependent. The above mentioned alterations are accomplished by a correlate expression of metallothioneins and Hsp70, also these dose- and species-dependent. The observed effects of heavy metals accumulation could be used as useful biomarkers in biomonitoring programs; since in the isopods the bioaccumulation of the different metals occurs in a species-specific way, each species should first be evaluated in view of its employ in biomonitoring programs.
Scopo della presente tesi di Dottorato è stato quello di valutare, utilizzando un protocollo sperimentale basato sulla somministrazione di cibo contaminato con diverse concentrazioni di due metalli pesanti, cadmio e piombo, la capacità di bioaccumulo e le conseguenti risposte biologiche fornite (biomarkers) da tre specie di isopodi oniscidei - Armadillidium granulatum Brandt, Armadillidium vulgare (Latreillei), Porcellio laevis Latreille - presenti ed abbondanti in diverse aree della Sicilia particolarmente interessate da fenomeni di inquinamento ambientale, al fine di verificare il loro possibile impiego in futuri programmi di biomonitoraggio. Sono stati oggetto di indagine: a) l accumulo dei metalli mediante impiego di spettrometria di massa a plasma accoppiato induttivamente (ICP-MS); b) le alterazioni morfologiche, istologiche ed ultrastrutturali indotte a carico dell epatopancreas, principale organo di accumulo dei metalli; c) l'espressione di molecole indicatrici dello stress conseguente al bioaccumulo dei metalli, quali metallotioneine (MT) e heat shock proteins 70 (Hsp70) analizzata mediante metodi immunocitochimica; d) l'identificazione ed il sequenziamento del gene responsabile dell'espressione delle metallotioneine mediante indagini molecolari. I risultati conseguiti hanno dimostrato che negli isopodi oniscidei, l accumulo dei metalli si realizza in maniera correlata alla concentrazione utilizzata ma in modo variabile in relazione al metallo ed alla specie saggiata. Tutte e tre le specie isopodi hanno dimostrato, infatti, una capacità di accumulo del Cd spiccatamente superiore rispetto al Pb; A. vulgare è stata la specie capace del maggior accumulo di Pb, soprattutto alle concentrazioni più elevate del metallo somministrate, mentre P. laevis, ha mostrato la maggiore capacità di accumulo del Cd, tanto elevata da risultare letale per tutti gli individui trattati per la più alta concentrazione tra quelle saggiate. La somministrazione delle concentrazioni più elevate di entrambi i metalli ha determinato sensibili alterazioni e della generale organizzazione morfologica ed istologica dei tubuli dell epatopancreas e dell organizzazione ultrastrutturale delle cellule dell epitelio dell organo, alcune delle quali potrebbero essere utilizzate quali efficaci biomarkers di esposizione. L impiego di anticorpi anti-MT ed anti-Hsp70 si è rivelato efficace ai fini di evidenziare la presenza delle MT e delle Hsp70 nell epitelio dell organo, apprezzabile in maniera differenziata per intensità e localizzazione in relazione al metallo considerato, aspetti che potrebbero rappresentare utili biomarkers di effetto. Le indagini molecolari rivolte al sequenziamento del gene responsabile dell espressione delle metallotioneine, basate su un protocollo già efficacemente impiegato per altre specie di invertebrati ivi compresi i crostacei decapodi, non hanno avuto successo a causa di una persistente contaminazione fenolica dell RNA, estratto dal pool di epatopancreas. In conclusione, la ricerca ha confermato quanto già noto circa l eccellente ruolo che gli isopodi oniscidei possono ricoprire quali bioindicatori e bioaccumulatori dell inquinamento da metalli pesanti evidenziando, inoltre, che la capacità di bioaccumulo si realizza in maniera specie-specifica nei confronti dei diversi metalli e che, pertanto, essa deve essere preliminarmente valutata in vista di un loro impiego nei programmi di biomonitoraggio.
Bioaccumulo di cadmio e piombo e biomarkers di esposizione e di effetto in alcune specie di isopodi oniscidei (Crustacea)
MAZZEI, VERONICA
2011
Abstract
The aim of this PhD thesis was to evaluate the bioaccumulation of two heavy metals, cadmium and lead, and the resulting biological responses provided (biomarkers) in three oniscidean isopods species - Armadillidium granulatum Brandt, Armadillidium vulgare (Latreille) and Porcellio laevis Latreille - that are present and abundant in several areas of Sicily affected by environmental pollution, in order to verify their possible use in future biomonitoring programs. At this purpose, an experimental protocol, based on the administration for three weeks of food contaminated with three different concentrations of the two heavy metals was used. The aspects taken into account were: 1. heavy metals accumulation levels in animal tissues by means of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS); 2. morphological, histological and ultrastructural alterations of the hepatopancreas, the main organ of heavy metals accumulation; 3. expression of biochemical indicators of metal-induced stress, such as metallothioneins (MT) and heat shock proteins 70 (Hsp70), visualized with immunocytochemical methods; 4. molecular cloning of metallothioneins cDNA and analysis of metallothionein gene expression. The results showed that in oniscidean isopods, the heavy metals accumulation is related to the concentration used, but in different ways in relation to the metal and to the species tested. All the three species accumulated far less lead than cadmium; in particular, A. vulgare was the species most capable of lead accumulation, especially at higher concentrations of the metal administered, while P. laevis showed the highest capacity to accumulate cadmium, so that the highest concentration was lethal for all animals treated. Three weeks of exposure to higher concentrations of both heavy metals caused significant alterations both of the general morphological and histological organization of the hepatopancreas tubules and of the ultrastructural organization of the epithelial cells of the organ; some of these alterations could be used as biomarkers of exposure. The employ of anti-MT and anti-Hsp70 antibodies was effective to detect the presence of these molecules in the epithelium of the organ, the presence and distribution of which were considerably different in relation to the metal and to the species examined; these aspects could be used as biomarkers of effect. Molecular investigations, aimed at the cDNA cloning and analysis of metallothioneins' gene expression, based on a protocol already used successfully for other species of invertebrates, including crustacean decapods, were not successful because of persistent phenolic contamination of the RNA extracted from a pool of hepatopancreas of the contaminated animals. In conclusion, the research has confirmed that oniscidean isopods could be considered ideal indicators of heavy metals pollution and that their exposure to these environmental pollutants led to morphological and ultrastructural alterations of the hepatopancreas, the degree of which are dose- and species-dependent. The above mentioned alterations are accomplished by a correlate expression of metallothioneins and Hsp70, also these dose- and species-dependent. The observed effects of heavy metals accumulation could be used as useful biomarkers in biomonitoring programs; since in the isopods the bioaccumulation of the different metals occurs in a species-specific way, each species should first be evaluated in view of its employ in biomonitoring programs.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/72300
URN:NBN:IT:UNICT-72300