INTRODUCTION: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a widespread disease whose prevalence has continued to increase over the past decades representing a burden on clinical and public health systems. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) is the predominant form of diabetes, accounting for 90% to 95% of cases worldwide. Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a microvascular complication of DM and one of the leading causes of vision loss in middle-aged economically active people, accounting for about 5% of cases of legal blindness worldwide. The prevalence of DR in T2D ranges from 25% to 40% and the individual lifetime risk for this complication is estimated to be 50–60%. Modifiable (i.e., hyperglycaemia, hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, obesity, and cigarette smoke) and non-modifiable factors (i.e., duration of diabetes, puberty, pregnancy and genetic susceptibility) are involved in DR. Little evidence are available regarding the role of epigenetic and dietary patterns on the development of T2D retinopathy. AIMS: To explore the role of epigenetics and dietary habits in T2D retinopathy. The impact of DR on quality of life was also investigated. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Cross-sectional study enrolling 129 Caucasian subjects affected by T2D, aged over 40 years, with DM duration of at least 15 years, and glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) at recruitment between 7.0-9.5%. All subjects were recruited at the Diabetes Centre of the Garibaldi-Nesima Medical Centre (Catania, Italy) from January to July 2021. Patients’ data including medical history of DM and other comorbidities, demographic, anthropometric and biochemical data were collected. Based on ocular examinations (visual acuity, fundus, fluorescein angiography, optical coherence tomography) the recruited cohort was divided into three groups: NDR (no DR), NPDR (non-proliferant DR), and PDR (proliferant DR). Dietary intake was recorded by using a 95-item semi-quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) validated for the Italian population. The adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MD) was also investigated. To assess the vision-related quality of life (VRQoL) we used the 25-item National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire (NEI-VFQ). For each participant, a peripheral blood sample was collected for the molecular analysis of miR-320 expression. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed using the IBM SPSS software (version 21.0, SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA). RESULTS: The median age at enrollment and at T2D diagnosis was 70 (IQR 65-74) and 53 (IQR 46-58) years, respectively, with a median diabetes duration of 17 (IQR 14-19) years. Most of the subjects were overweight (41.9%) or obese (45.0%) and had an above-normal waist circumference (WC) (80.6%). Median HbA1c was 8% (IQR 7-8), and 41.9% of subjects were insulin-treated. More than two-thirds were treated with lipid-lowering (76.7%), anti-hypertensive (82.2%), or anti-platelet drugs (71.2%). At the ophthalmological evaluation, DR was found in 44 out of the 129 subjects (34.1%), the majority of them (n=36) were affected by NPDR and eight by PDR. The adherence to MD did not differ in subjects with and without DR (4.0 vs. 4.0, p=0.90). At multivariate analysis, subjects with a low vs. high legume consumption had a 2.5-fold increased risk for DR independently from gender, age, diabetes duration, body mass index, waist circumference, lipid and blood pressure levels (OR=2.5, p=0.04). The composite score of the NEI-VFQ was significantly lower in subjects with PDR compared to NPDR and NDR groups (94.6 vs. 99.1 vs. 99.1, IQR 85.7-98.0 vs. 97.6-99.1 vs. 95.9-99.5, p=0.04) reflecting a worsening of VRQoL in later stages of DR. Besides, subjects affected by PDR, compared to both NPDR and NDR groups, reported worst scores about mental health (p=0.01), ocular pain (p<0.01), near (p=0.02) and distance (p<0.05) activities, and driving (p=0.01). The serum expression of miR-320 did not differ between subjects without DR vs. those with DR, regardless of the retinal injury stage. CONCLUSIONS: This study reveals the association between a higher BMI and the risk for the advanced stages of DR. Besides, a higher legume consumption, carbohydrates with a low-glycaemic index, could protect against DR, possibly by improving glucose control and glycaemic variability in the post-prandial phase. The advanced stages of DR determine a relevant worsening of VRQoL and daily life activities, suggesting the need for structured action protocols focused on the well-being of these subjects. miR-320 did not play a role in the risk for DR. Further studies are necessary to clarify how dietary habits may counteract the risk profile and the pathological features of retinal injury at a molecular level. Our data reinforce the significance of a healthy, well-balanced diet, together with appropriate lifestyle behaviour, to mitigate the fearful diabetes-related risk for retinal injury and visual loss.
INTRODUZIONE: Il diabete mellito (DM) è una malattia estremamente diffusa, la cui prevalenza è progressivamente aumentata negli ultimi decenni, al punto da rappresentare un ingente onere per i sistemi sanitari. Il diabete mellito di tipo 2 (DT2) è la forma predominante di diabete e rappresenta il 90%-95% dei casi in tutto il mondo. La retinopatia diabetica (RD), complicanza microvascolare del DM e una delle principali cause di perdita di vista nei soggetti in età lavorativa, rappresenta circa il 5% dei casi di cecità legale nel mondo. La prevalenza di RD nel DT2 varia dal 25% al 40% e il rischio individuale, nell'arco della vita, di sviluppare tale complicanza è intorno al 50-60%. Fattori di rischio modificabili (iperglicemia, ipertensione, dislipidemia, obesità e fumo di sigaretta) e non modificabili (durata del diabete, pubertà, gravidanza e predisposizione genetica) sono correlati allo sviluppo di RD. Ad oggi, sono disponibili poche evidenze sul ruolo dei dell'epigenetica e delle abitudini alimentari nello sviluppo della retinopatia in soggetti con DT2. OBIETTIVI: Indagare il ruolo di epigenetica e delle abitudini alimentari nella retinopatia del DT2. Inoltre è stato valutato l'impatto della DR sulla qualità della vita. SOGGETTI E METODI: Studio trasversale che ha incluso 129 soggetti caucasici affetti da DT2, di età superiore ai 40 anni, con durata del DM di almeno 15 anni ed emoglobina glicata (HbA1c) al momento dell'arruolamento tra 7.0-9.5%. Tutti i soggetti sono stati reclutati presso il Centro di Diabetologia dell'Ospedale Garibaldi-Nesima (Catania, Italia) da gennaio a luglio 2021. Sono state acquisite le informazioni cliniche relative al DM ed altre comorbidità, i dati demografici, antropometrici e biochimici. Sulla base degli esami oculistici (acuità visiva, fundus, angiografia con fluoresceina, tomografia a coerenza ottica) i soggetti reclutati sono stati suddivisi in tre gruppi: NRD (RD assente), RDNP (RD non proliferante) e RDP (RD proliferante). Le abitudini alimentari sono state valutate tramite un questionario semiquantitativo di frequenza alimentare (FFQ) a 95 punti, validato per la popolazione italiana. È stata inoltre analizzata l'aderenza alla dieta mediterranea (MD). Per valutare la qualità di vita correlata alla visione (VRQoL) è stato utilizzato il National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire (NEI-VFQ) a 25 punti. In ciascun soggetto è stato prelevato un campione di sangue periferico per l'analisi molecolare dell'espressione del miR-320. L'analisi statistica uni- e multivariata è stata realizzata utilizzando il programma IBM SPSS (versione 21.0, SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA). RISULTATI: L'età mediana all'arruolamento e alla diagnosi di DT2 era rispettivamente di 70 (IQR 65-74) e 53 (IQR 46-58) anni, con una durata mediana del diabete di 17 (IQR 14-19) anni. La maggior parte dei soggetti era in sovrappeso (41.9%) o obesa (45.0%) e aveva una circonferenza vita (CV) superiore alla norma (80.6%). La mediana di HbA1c era dell'8% (IQR 7-8), il 41.9% dei soggetti era in trattamento con insulina, più di due terzi con farmaci ipolipemizzanti (76.7%), antipertensivi (82,2%) o antiaggreganti piastrinici (71,2%). Alla valutazione oftalmologica, la RD è stata riscontrata in 44 dei 129 soggetti (34.1%), la maggior parte dei quali (n=36) affetta da RDNP e otto da RDP. L'aderenza alla MD era simile nei soggetti con e senza RD (4.0 vs. 4.0, p=0.90). All'analisi multivariata, i soggetti con un basso consumo di legumi rispetto a quelli con un elevato consumo presentavano un aumento del rischio di RD di 2.5 volte, indipendentemente da sesso, età, durata del diabete, indice di massa corporea, circonferenza vita, livelli di lipidi e pressione sanguigna (OR=2.5, p=0.04). Il punteggio composito del NEI-VFQ era significativamente più basso nei soggetti con RDP rispetto ai gruppi RDNP e NDR (94.6 vs. 99.1 vs. 99.1, IQR 85.7-98.0 vs. 97.6-99.1 vs. 95.9-99.5, p=0.04), indicanso un peggioramento della VRQoL negli stadi avanzati di RD. Inoltre, i soggetti affetti da RDP, rispetto ai gruppi RDNP e NDR, hanno riportato punteggi peggiori per quanto riguarda la salute mentale generale (p=0.01), il dolore oculare (p<0.01), le attività da vicino (p=0.02) e da lontano (p<0.05) e la guida (p=0.01). I livelli di espressione sierica del miR-320 non differiva tra soggetti senza RD e con DR, indipendentemente dall'entità del danno retinico. CONCLUSIONI: Questo studio ha evidenziato l'associazione tra l'aumento dell'indice di massa corporea e un più elevato rischio degli stadi avanzati di RD. Inoltre, un maggior consumo di legumi, carboidrati a basso indice glicemico, potrebbe svolgere un ruolo protettivo nei confronti della RD, probabilmente migliorando il compenso e la variabilità glicemica nella fase post-prandiale. Gli stadi avanzati della RD determinano un peggioramento rilevante della VRQoL e delle attività quotidiane, suggerendo l'importanza di protocolli strutturati incentrati sul benessere dei oggetti. Il miR-320 non sembra essere coinvolto nel rischio di RD. Tuttavia, sono necessari ulteriori studi per chiarire come le abitudini alimentari possano interferire nella patogenesi della RD a livello molecolare. I risultati di questo studio sottolineano l'importanza di una dieta sana ed equilibrata, insieme a uno stile di vita appropriato, per mitigare il rischio di lesioni retiniche e perdita della vista in soggetti con DT2.
RUOLO DI EPIGENETICA E ALIMENTAZIONE NELLA RETINOPATIA DEL DIABETE MELLITO DI TIPO 2: STUDIO TRASVERSALE
MILLUZZO, AGOSTINO
2023
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a widespread disease whose prevalence has continued to increase over the past decades representing a burden on clinical and public health systems. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) is the predominant form of diabetes, accounting for 90% to 95% of cases worldwide. Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a microvascular complication of DM and one of the leading causes of vision loss in middle-aged economically active people, accounting for about 5% of cases of legal blindness worldwide. The prevalence of DR in T2D ranges from 25% to 40% and the individual lifetime risk for this complication is estimated to be 50–60%. Modifiable (i.e., hyperglycaemia, hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, obesity, and cigarette smoke) and non-modifiable factors (i.e., duration of diabetes, puberty, pregnancy and genetic susceptibility) are involved in DR. Little evidence are available regarding the role of epigenetic and dietary patterns on the development of T2D retinopathy. AIMS: To explore the role of epigenetics and dietary habits in T2D retinopathy. The impact of DR on quality of life was also investigated. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Cross-sectional study enrolling 129 Caucasian subjects affected by T2D, aged over 40 years, with DM duration of at least 15 years, and glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) at recruitment between 7.0-9.5%. All subjects were recruited at the Diabetes Centre of the Garibaldi-Nesima Medical Centre (Catania, Italy) from January to July 2021. Patients’ data including medical history of DM and other comorbidities, demographic, anthropometric and biochemical data were collected. Based on ocular examinations (visual acuity, fundus, fluorescein angiography, optical coherence tomography) the recruited cohort was divided into three groups: NDR (no DR), NPDR (non-proliferant DR), and PDR (proliferant DR). Dietary intake was recorded by using a 95-item semi-quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) validated for the Italian population. The adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MD) was also investigated. To assess the vision-related quality of life (VRQoL) we used the 25-item National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire (NEI-VFQ). For each participant, a peripheral blood sample was collected for the molecular analysis of miR-320 expression. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed using the IBM SPSS software (version 21.0, SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA). RESULTS: The median age at enrollment and at T2D diagnosis was 70 (IQR 65-74) and 53 (IQR 46-58) years, respectively, with a median diabetes duration of 17 (IQR 14-19) years. Most of the subjects were overweight (41.9%) or obese (45.0%) and had an above-normal waist circumference (WC) (80.6%). Median HbA1c was 8% (IQR 7-8), and 41.9% of subjects were insulin-treated. More than two-thirds were treated with lipid-lowering (76.7%), anti-hypertensive (82.2%), or anti-platelet drugs (71.2%). At the ophthalmological evaluation, DR was found in 44 out of the 129 subjects (34.1%), the majority of them (n=36) were affected by NPDR and eight by PDR. The adherence to MD did not differ in subjects with and without DR (4.0 vs. 4.0, p=0.90). At multivariate analysis, subjects with a low vs. high legume consumption had a 2.5-fold increased risk for DR independently from gender, age, diabetes duration, body mass index, waist circumference, lipid and blood pressure levels (OR=2.5, p=0.04). The composite score of the NEI-VFQ was significantly lower in subjects with PDR compared to NPDR and NDR groups (94.6 vs. 99.1 vs. 99.1, IQR 85.7-98.0 vs. 97.6-99.1 vs. 95.9-99.5, p=0.04) reflecting a worsening of VRQoL in later stages of DR. Besides, subjects affected by PDR, compared to both NPDR and NDR groups, reported worst scores about mental health (p=0.01), ocular pain (p<0.01), near (p=0.02) and distance (p<0.05) activities, and driving (p=0.01). The serum expression of miR-320 did not differ between subjects without DR vs. those with DR, regardless of the retinal injury stage. CONCLUSIONS: This study reveals the association between a higher BMI and the risk for the advanced stages of DR. Besides, a higher legume consumption, carbohydrates with a low-glycaemic index, could protect against DR, possibly by improving glucose control and glycaemic variability in the post-prandial phase. The advanced stages of DR determine a relevant worsening of VRQoL and daily life activities, suggesting the need for structured action protocols focused on the well-being of these subjects. miR-320 did not play a role in the risk for DR. Further studies are necessary to clarify how dietary habits may counteract the risk profile and the pathological features of retinal injury at a molecular level. Our data reinforce the significance of a healthy, well-balanced diet, together with appropriate lifestyle behaviour, to mitigate the fearful diabetes-related risk for retinal injury and visual loss.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
---|---|---|---|
TESI DOTTORATO - Dott. A. Milluzzo.pdf
accesso aperto
Dimensione
2.19 MB
Formato
Adobe PDF
|
2.19 MB | Adobe PDF | Visualizza/Apri |
I documenti in UNITESI sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/72428
URN:NBN:IT:UNICT-72428