Human-environment interactions, embedded into socio-ecological systems are becoming more and more complex, due to increasing human dominance over the planet’s resources. Since more than half a century, the discourse on these interactions is dominated by the sustainability development paradigm, but the operationalization of this abstract notion is still in evolution due to its main dilemma – uncertainty. Resilience of ecosystems and institutions, therefore their adaptability and robustness, is a critical path towards understanding sustainable developments and means for achieving it. However, despite growing knowledge on the resilience of socio-ecological systems, three other gaps need further research, namely: 1) the human system of values used to address natural resources in planning and governance. This system is mainly utilitarian and has limited considerations on the egalitarian and moral & ethics perspectives on natural resources; 2) the slow process of embedding ecosystem principles and values in governance and spatial planning, as a mean to linking governance with balanced territorial development; 3) and the mismatch between scales of governance, from the successful traditional commons’ regimes to the global threats and policies. The above gaps show that linkages between theoretical work on common pool resources – a successful model of collective action at small community scale, and ecosystem based governance – a scientific and territorial governance model, are either missing or weak. It is in the intention of this research to explore opportunities for establishing these linkages, and hopefully contribute to the global discourse on spatial-temporal mismatches between institutions and governance models, through creating a model of research. An ecosystem-based governance of the natural resources is needed to mitigate territorial mismatches, and achieve sustainable and balanced territorial development. This research is developed around the central question of whether forest commons’ models/regimes can positively influence the conventional governance setting in favour of sustainability, and outmatch the ‘boundaries and scales’ mismatch. Forest is chosen as the natural resource that contributes through its ecosystem services to balanced and resilient territorial development on both, the small and the global scale. Methodologically, the geographical area of research is one river basin, as a natural and functional space for ecosystems services boundaries. The river basin is composed of several ecosystems and human settlements in a continuous interaction, and constitutes a larger-scale common, or a polycentric network of commons. Besides developing a critical discussion on common pool resources and ecosystem services theories, the research includes fieldwork through: visually surveying the basin and the forests; focus groups with commoners to identify and test the 8 design principles of robust commons’ institutions; interviews with officials and experts to analyse SESMAD variables for the large scale commons; and water tests and questionnaires for forest users to unravel the concept of ecosystem services (ES) valuation. A mapping of ES supply-demand budgets is made to link the governance system with the territorial effects of ecosystem services. The existence of various values within the common’s institutions is then verified. The research provides a logical framework for the further and deeper study of ecosystem-based governance of forest commons, as a means for linking institutions with the territory and scientific knowledge on ecosystem services. The latter is the key to enabling sustainable development in a world of spatial-temporal scale mismatches as regard natural resources and the services they render to humanity.
Le interazioni uomo-ambiente incorporate nei sistemi socio-ecologici stanno diventando sempre più complesse, a causa dell'aumento del dominio umano sulle risorse del pianeta. Da più di mezzo secolo, il discorso su queste interazioni è dominato dal paradigma dello sviluppo sostenibile, ma l’applicabilità di questa nozione astratta è ancora in evoluzione a causa del suo principale dilemma: l'incertezza. La resilienza degli ecosistemi e delle istituzioni, quindi la loro adattabilità e solidità, è un percorso critico verso la comprensione degli sviluppi sostenibili e dei mezzi per raggiungerli. Tuttavia, nonostante le crescenti conoscenze sulla resilienza dei sistemi socio-ecologici, altre tre lacune necessitano di ulteriori ricerche, in particolare: 1) il sistema umano di valori utilizzato per indirizzare le risorse naturali nella pianificazione e nella governance. Questo sistema è principalmente utilitaristico e ha considerazioni limitate sulle prospettive egualitarie e morali ed etiche delle risorse naturali; 2) il lento processo di integrazione dei principi e dei valori dell'ecosistema nella governance e nella pianificazione territoriale, come mezzo per collegare la governance con uno sviluppo territoriale equilibrato; 3) e la mancata corrispondenza tra i livelli di governance, dai regimi tradizionali di successo dei beni comuni alle minacce e politiche globali. Le lacune sopracitate mostrano che i collegamenti tra il lavoro teorico sulle risorse dei beni comuni - un modello di successo dell'azione collettiva su piccola scala comunitaria e la ecosystem-based governance - un modello di governance scientifica e territoriale sono entrambi mancanti o deboli. L’intenzione di questa ricerca è esplorare le opportunità per stabilire questi collegamenti e, auspicabilmente, il contribuire al discorso globale sul superamento della mancata corrispondenza spazio-temporale tra istituzioni e modelli di governo, attraverso la creazione di un modello di ricerca. È necessaria una governance basata sulla ecosystem-based governance delle risorse naturali per attenuare le mancate corrispondenze territoriali e ottenere uno sviluppo territoriale sostenibile ed equilibrato. Questa ricerca si sviluppa attorno alla seguente questione centrale: possono i modelli / regimi dei beni comuni forestali influenzare positivamente l'impostazione della governance convenzionale a favore della sostenibilità e superare la mancata corrispondenza tra "confini e scale"? Metodologicamente, l'area geografica di ricerca è un bacino fluviale, come spazio naturale e funzionale per i confini dei servizi degli ecosistemi. Oltre a sviluppare una discussione critica sulle teorie delle risorse del bene comune e dei servizi dell’ecosistema, la ricerca include il lavoro sul campo attraverso: l’ osservazione diretta del bacino e delle foreste, focus groups con gli utenti delle risorse del bene comune per identificare e testare gli 8 principi di design delle solide istituzioni delle risorse comuni, interviste con funzionari ed esperti per analizzare le variabili SESMAD per commons su larga scala, e test dell'acqua e questionari per gli utenti della foresta per decostruire il concetto di valutazione dei servizi dell’ecosistema. Una mappatura dei bilanci della domanda e dell'offerta (SE) è realizzata per collegare il sistema di governance agli effetti territoriali dei servizi dell’ecosistema. L'esistenza di vari valori viene quindi verificata all'interno delle istituzioni delle risorse comuni. La ricerca fornisce un quadro logico per l'ulteriore e più approfondito studio della governance basata sui principi dell’ecosistema sui beni comuni forestali, come mezzo per collegare le istituzioni con il territorio e le conoscenze scientifiche sui servizi degli ecosistemi.
Governance basata sui principi dell’ecosistema sui beni comuni forestali - Il bacino fluviale di Shkumbin, Albania
TOTO, Rudina
2018
Abstract
Human-environment interactions, embedded into socio-ecological systems are becoming more and more complex, due to increasing human dominance over the planet’s resources. Since more than half a century, the discourse on these interactions is dominated by the sustainability development paradigm, but the operationalization of this abstract notion is still in evolution due to its main dilemma – uncertainty. Resilience of ecosystems and institutions, therefore their adaptability and robustness, is a critical path towards understanding sustainable developments and means for achieving it. However, despite growing knowledge on the resilience of socio-ecological systems, three other gaps need further research, namely: 1) the human system of values used to address natural resources in planning and governance. This system is mainly utilitarian and has limited considerations on the egalitarian and moral & ethics perspectives on natural resources; 2) the slow process of embedding ecosystem principles and values in governance and spatial planning, as a mean to linking governance with balanced territorial development; 3) and the mismatch between scales of governance, from the successful traditional commons’ regimes to the global threats and policies. The above gaps show that linkages between theoretical work on common pool resources – a successful model of collective action at small community scale, and ecosystem based governance – a scientific and territorial governance model, are either missing or weak. It is in the intention of this research to explore opportunities for establishing these linkages, and hopefully contribute to the global discourse on spatial-temporal mismatches between institutions and governance models, through creating a model of research. An ecosystem-based governance of the natural resources is needed to mitigate territorial mismatches, and achieve sustainable and balanced territorial development. This research is developed around the central question of whether forest commons’ models/regimes can positively influence the conventional governance setting in favour of sustainability, and outmatch the ‘boundaries and scales’ mismatch. Forest is chosen as the natural resource that contributes through its ecosystem services to balanced and resilient territorial development on both, the small and the global scale. Methodologically, the geographical area of research is one river basin, as a natural and functional space for ecosystems services boundaries. The river basin is composed of several ecosystems and human settlements in a continuous interaction, and constitutes a larger-scale common, or a polycentric network of commons. Besides developing a critical discussion on common pool resources and ecosystem services theories, the research includes fieldwork through: visually surveying the basin and the forests; focus groups with commoners to identify and test the 8 design principles of robust commons’ institutions; interviews with officials and experts to analyse SESMAD variables for the large scale commons; and water tests and questionnaires for forest users to unravel the concept of ecosystem services (ES) valuation. A mapping of ES supply-demand budgets is made to link the governance system with the territorial effects of ecosystem services. The existence of various values within the common’s institutions is then verified. The research provides a logical framework for the further and deeper study of ecosystem-based governance of forest commons, as a means for linking institutions with the territory and scientific knowledge on ecosystem services. The latter is the key to enabling sustainable development in a world of spatial-temporal scale mismatches as regard natural resources and the services they render to humanity.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/72557
URN:NBN:IT:UNIFE-72557