The exploitation of plant-insect interactions and plant resistance to pests represents a key control option for optimizing sustainable Integrated Pest Management, thus reducing the use of insecticides. Plants are able to respond to abiotic and biotic stresses from the external environment, including insect herbivores, with complex defense responses which involve resistance and adaptation to survive. Metabolites, mechanical barriers, enzymes and volatile compounds constitute the biochemical and physical, constitutive and induced defense mechanisms of the plants. Within this context, such mechanisms were studied for the South American tomato pinworm, Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), a key pest of tomato that can although develop on several solanaceous species. Biochemical consequences of T. absoluta infestation and the subsequent plant suitability for the pest development in several Solanum species and tomato varieties were assessed. The survival, development time, weight of the pupae and eroded leaf area of T. absoluta (i); evaluation of secondary metabolites and volatiles produced by pre-infested plants (ii); the olfactory response of T. absoluta adults and of the natural enemy Encarsia formosa (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) (iii), and the expression of genes involved in plant defense responses (iv) were assessed. The results showed that there was a significant production of induced secondary metabolites that could help the studied plants to react to the herbivore attack, such as the higher quantity of glycoalkaloids known to be toxic for insects. Indeed, the bioassays on T. absoluta larvae development on pre-infested plant confirm this result. Moreover, the plant emission of volatile organic compounds in pre-infested plant was significantly higher than in healthy plants. This could be the reason why there was a higher attraction of these plants toward both of the pest and the parasitoid in olfactory bioassays. These aspects are supported by the results of the expression of two genes that significantly show the overexpression of the defense genes. Therefore, the plant material tested showed promising results. The implementation of some secondary metabolites or volatile organic compounds as bio-active molecules for biopesticides and as attractive or repellent substances in tri-trophic interactions could be interesting to develop. Further experiments need to be performed in field conditions, but the obtained results are important steps towards new technologies for sustainable pest control.
La conoscenza delle interazioni pianta-insetto e della resistenza delle piante rappresenta un'opzione chiave di controllo per ottimizzare la gestione sostenibile e integrata dei parassiti e quindi per ridurre l’uso degli insetticidi. Le piante sono in grado di rispondere agli stress abiotici e biotici dell'ambiente esterno, inclusi gli insetti erbivori, con complesse risposte di difesa che comportano resistenza e adattamento per sopravvivere. Metaboliti, barriere meccaniche, enzimi e composti volatili costituiscono i meccanismi di difesa biochimici e fisici, costitutivi e indotti delle piante. In questo contesto, è stata studiata la Tignola del pomodoro, Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), un insetto chiave del pomodoro che può anche svilupparsi su diverse altre specie appartenenti al genere Solanum. Sono state valutate le conseguenze biochimiche dell'attacco di T. absoluta e i successivi effetti sullo sviluppo dell’insetto in diverse specie del genere Solanum. La sopravvivenza, il tempo di sviluppo larvale, il peso delle pupe e l’area fogliare erosa da T. absoluta (i); la valutazione di metaboliti secondari e di composti volatili delle specie del genere Solanum pre-infestate (ii); la risposta olfattiva di adulti di T. absoluta e del nemico naturale Encarsia formosa (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) (iii) e l'espressione di geni coinvolti nelle risposte di difesa delle piante (iv) sono stati valutati. I risultati evidenziano una significativa produzione di metaboliti secondari indotti che potrebbero aiutare le specie studiate a reagire all'attacco del fitofago. Ad esempio, la maggiore quantità di glicoalcaloidi è nota per essere tossica per gli insetti. In effetti, i saggi biologici sullo sviluppo delle larve di T. absoluta nelle specie pre-infestate, confermano questo risultato. Inoltre, l’emissione dei composti organici volatili delle diverse specie pre-infestate era significativamente superiore a quella delle piante sane. Questo potrebbe essere il motivo per cui nei bio-saggi olfattometrici vi era una maggiore attrattività per le piante pre-infestate rispetto a quelle sane sia per il fitofago che per il parassitoide. Questi aspetti sono supportati dai risultati dell'espressione di due geni che mostrano significativamente la sovra espressione dei geni di difesa nelle piante indotte. L'implementazione di alcuni metaboliti secondari o composti organici volatili come molecole bioattive per i bio-pesticidi e come volatili attrattivi o repellenti nelle interazioni tri-trofiche sarebbe interessante sia dal punto di vista delle conoscenze di base che per i risvolti applicativi nella gestione sostenibile dei fitofagi. Ulteriori prove in condizioni di campo sono necessarie, ma i risultati ottenuti rappresentano un’ottima base per lo sviluppo di nuove applicazioni per un controllo sostenibile dei fitofagi.
Meccanismi di difesa e interazioni multitrofiche tra Solanum spp. e Tuta absoluta
TORTORICI, SIMONA MARIA
2022
Abstract
The exploitation of plant-insect interactions and plant resistance to pests represents a key control option for optimizing sustainable Integrated Pest Management, thus reducing the use of insecticides. Plants are able to respond to abiotic and biotic stresses from the external environment, including insect herbivores, with complex defense responses which involve resistance and adaptation to survive. Metabolites, mechanical barriers, enzymes and volatile compounds constitute the biochemical and physical, constitutive and induced defense mechanisms of the plants. Within this context, such mechanisms were studied for the South American tomato pinworm, Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), a key pest of tomato that can although develop on several solanaceous species. Biochemical consequences of T. absoluta infestation and the subsequent plant suitability for the pest development in several Solanum species and tomato varieties were assessed. The survival, development time, weight of the pupae and eroded leaf area of T. absoluta (i); evaluation of secondary metabolites and volatiles produced by pre-infested plants (ii); the olfactory response of T. absoluta adults and of the natural enemy Encarsia formosa (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) (iii), and the expression of genes involved in plant defense responses (iv) were assessed. The results showed that there was a significant production of induced secondary metabolites that could help the studied plants to react to the herbivore attack, such as the higher quantity of glycoalkaloids known to be toxic for insects. Indeed, the bioassays on T. absoluta larvae development on pre-infested plant confirm this result. Moreover, the plant emission of volatile organic compounds in pre-infested plant was significantly higher than in healthy plants. This could be the reason why there was a higher attraction of these plants toward both of the pest and the parasitoid in olfactory bioassays. These aspects are supported by the results of the expression of two genes that significantly show the overexpression of the defense genes. Therefore, the plant material tested showed promising results. The implementation of some secondary metabolites or volatile organic compounds as bio-active molecules for biopesticides and as attractive or repellent substances in tri-trophic interactions could be interesting to develop. Further experiments need to be performed in field conditions, but the obtained results are important steps towards new technologies for sustainable pest control.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/73052
URN:NBN:IT:UNICT-73052