The subject of this doctoral thesis is the role that European Union legislation has played in the creation, and subsequent development, of national regulations on the criminal liability of collective entities. Particular attention are dedicates obviously to the Italian legal system and its peculiarities, primarily the hybrid nature of the liability of entities under Legislative Decree no. 231/2001. The structure of the thesis is made up of three chapters, each dealing with a different profile of the impact that European legislation has had (and continues to have) on the process of making legal persons liable. The work consists, in fact, of a first chapter analysing the birth of the Italian regulation of the liability of entities, with a focus on the overcoming, in Italian doctrine, of the principle societas delinquere (et puniri) non potest. The second chapter addresses the influences of European legislation on the expansion of the catalogue of predicate offences. There are, in fact, many regulatory additions due to the influence of European directives: from the introduction of money laundering offences, to tax offences, passing through environmental offences. Finally, the last chapter delves into a comparative analysis of the regulations in some continental European legal systems. This is in order to illustrate the heterogeneity of these disciplines and the coexistence, still current today, between legal systems that eschew the criminal route and others that, instead, go so far as to explicitly affirm the criminal nature of the liability of the body. A variety of models is in danger of increasingly clashing with the European Union acts (essentially directive), which, for certain offences that are now of supranational relevance, require a certain homogeneity of discipline. The directive contains not only criminal obligations addressed to human being, but also provisions, that directly address complex organisations and calling for effective sanctions, dissuasive and proportionate sanctions also for the legal person. This provisions opening up the possibility – highly encouraged, but not mandatory – that the criminal instrument may be used to respond to what we could define to all intents and purposes as the fight against corporate crime, the expression 'corporate crime' meaning those phenomena where the complex organisation, often in corporate form, is the central subject of the unlawful act. The only solution to the problem generated by the profound difference in the punitive treatment could derive from the adoption, at the European Union level, of a regulatory instrument that would harmonise what we could define as the general part of national regulations on the criminal liability of collective entities. However, such a regulatory intervention is far from coming, what is certain is that the European regulatory instruments, that have dealt with the liability profiles of collective entities, have contributed to triggering the debate, that has led (and will lead) the reform of many national laws on the subject. This has been the case in Spain and currently also in Germany, where a reform project – with profiles of great innovation, both in terms of the nature of liability and to the sanctions specifically dedicated to the entity – is under discussion.
Il lavoro di questa tesi dottorale ha ad oggetto il ruolo che la legislazione dell’Unione europea ha avuto nella creazione, e nel successivo sviluppo, delle discipline nazionali in materia di responsabilità da reato degli enti collettivi. Particolare attenzione è ovviamente rivolta all’ordinamento italiano e alle sue peculiarità, prima fra tutte la natura ibrida della responsabilità dell’ente di cui al d.lgs. 231/2001. La struttura della tesi si compone di tre capitoli, ognuno avente ad oggetto un diverso profilo dell’impatto che la legislazione europea ha avuto (e continua ad avere) sul processo di responsabilizzazione della persona giuridica. Il lavoro si compone, infatti, di un primo capitolo che analizza la nascita della disciplina italiana della responsabilità degli enti, con un focus sul superamento, nella dottrina italiana, del principio societas delinquere (et puniri) non potest. Il secondo capitolo affronta le influenze della legislazione europea sull'ampliamento del catalogo dei reati presupposto. Molte sono, infatti, gli interventi di addizione normativa dovuti all’influenza delle direttive europee: dall’introduzione dei delitti di riciclaggio, ai reati tributari, passando per i reati ambientali. Infine, l'ultimo capitolo si addentra in un’analisi comparatistica delle normative previste da alcuni ordinamenti dell’Europa continentale. Ciò allo scopo di illustrare l’eterogeneità di queste discipline e la convivenza, ancora oggi attuale, fra ordinamenti che rifuggono la via penale e altri che, invece, arrivano ad affermare esplicitamente la natura penale della responsabilità dell’ente. Una siffatta varietà di modelli non può che scontrarsi sempre più con gli atti del legislatore dell’Unione europea che, per alcuni delitti aventi ormai una rilevanza sovranazionale, richiedono una certa omogeneità di disciplina, e ciò vale non solo per gli obblighi di incriminazione rivolti alla persone fisiche, ma anche per quelle disposizioni che si rivolgono direttamente alle organizzazioni complesse, chiedendo sanzioni efficaci, dissuasive e proporzionate anche per la persona giuridica e aprendo alla possibilità – assai incentivata, ma non obbligatoria – che si possa ricorrere allo strumento penale per rispondere a quella che potremmo definire a tutti gli effetti come lotta alla criminalità di impresa, intendendosi con l’espressione criminalità d’impresa quei fenomeni dove l’organizzazione complessa spesso in forma societaria è il soggetto centrale dell’agire illecito. L’unica soluzione al problema generato dalla profonda diversità di trattamento sanzionatorio del soggetto responsabile potrebbe derivare dall’adozione, a livello eurounitario, di uno strumento normativo che andasse ad armonizzare quella che potremmo definire la parte generale delle normative nazionali in materia di responsabilità da reato dell’ente collettivo. Andando a prevedere alcuni punti cardine attorno al quale omogeneizzare le singole discipline nazionali: dalla natura della responsabilità, ai criteri di imputazione, fino ai modelli di organizzazione. Un tale intervento normativo è però assai lontano dal venire in essere, quello che è certo è che gli atti europei che si sono occupati dei profili di responsabilità dell’ente collettivo hanno contributo ad attivare il dibattito che ha portato (e porterà) alla riforma di molte delle legislazioni nazionali in materia. Così è stato in Spagna e attualmente anche in Germania, dove si sta discutendo un progetto di riforma con profili di grande innovazione, sia sotto il profilo della natura della responsabilità che con riguardo alle sanzioni specificamente dedicate all’ente.
Il ruolo del legislatore europeo nella genesi e nello sviluppo della responsabilità ex crimine dell’ente collettivo
TEBALDI, Marcello
2023
Abstract
The subject of this doctoral thesis is the role that European Union legislation has played in the creation, and subsequent development, of national regulations on the criminal liability of collective entities. Particular attention are dedicates obviously to the Italian legal system and its peculiarities, primarily the hybrid nature of the liability of entities under Legislative Decree no. 231/2001. The structure of the thesis is made up of three chapters, each dealing with a different profile of the impact that European legislation has had (and continues to have) on the process of making legal persons liable. The work consists, in fact, of a first chapter analysing the birth of the Italian regulation of the liability of entities, with a focus on the overcoming, in Italian doctrine, of the principle societas delinquere (et puniri) non potest. The second chapter addresses the influences of European legislation on the expansion of the catalogue of predicate offences. There are, in fact, many regulatory additions due to the influence of European directives: from the introduction of money laundering offences, to tax offences, passing through environmental offences. Finally, the last chapter delves into a comparative analysis of the regulations in some continental European legal systems. This is in order to illustrate the heterogeneity of these disciplines and the coexistence, still current today, between legal systems that eschew the criminal route and others that, instead, go so far as to explicitly affirm the criminal nature of the liability of the body. A variety of models is in danger of increasingly clashing with the European Union acts (essentially directive), which, for certain offences that are now of supranational relevance, require a certain homogeneity of discipline. The directive contains not only criminal obligations addressed to human being, but also provisions, that directly address complex organisations and calling for effective sanctions, dissuasive and proportionate sanctions also for the legal person. This provisions opening up the possibility – highly encouraged, but not mandatory – that the criminal instrument may be used to respond to what we could define to all intents and purposes as the fight against corporate crime, the expression 'corporate crime' meaning those phenomena where the complex organisation, often in corporate form, is the central subject of the unlawful act. The only solution to the problem generated by the profound difference in the punitive treatment could derive from the adoption, at the European Union level, of a regulatory instrument that would harmonise what we could define as the general part of national regulations on the criminal liability of collective entities. However, such a regulatory intervention is far from coming, what is certain is that the European regulatory instruments, that have dealt with the liability profiles of collective entities, have contributed to triggering the debate, that has led (and will lead) the reform of many national laws on the subject. This has been the case in Spain and currently also in Germany, where a reform project – with profiles of great innovation, both in terms of the nature of liability and to the sanctions specifically dedicated to the entity – is under discussion.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/73502
URN:NBN:IT:UNIFE-73502