The biological function of a protein depends on its tridimensional structure, which is determined by its amino acid sequence during the process of protein folding. Protein folding in the cell is a tightly regulated process, involving a series of proteins, from molecular chaperones to proteases that assist the folding process and monitor the quality of the final product. Several diseases have been shown to arise from protein misfolding and are grouped together under the name of protein conformational disorders (PCDs). The hallmark event in PCDs is a change in the secondary and/or tertiary structure of a normal protein without alteration of the primary structure. The conformational change may promote the disease by either gain of a toxic activity or by the lack of biological function of the natively folded protein. The PCDs includes Alzheimer's disease (AD), Huntington disease (HD), cystic fibrosis, diabetes mellitus type II (T2DM), Parkinson disease (PD), and many other diseases. In most of PCDs the misfolded protein is rich in beta-sheet conformation. Both T2DM and AD are characterized by insoluble protein aggregates with a fibrillar conformation. Amylin aggregation is associated with pancreatic beta-cell loss, whereas Abeta and tangle formation is associated with neuronal cell loss. For the two amyloidogenic molecules Amylin and Abeta, shared and separate modes of toxicity have been revealed, that are in part receptor-mediated, with the receptors, at least to some degree, being shared between the two molecules. Microenvironmental factors such as metal ions are known to interact with these amyloidogenic molecules, and make them toxic for cultured cells. In the present study, we show that amyloidogenic peptides spontaneously form amorphous or fibrillary aggregates. In presence of copper Abeta25 35 fibrillogenesis undergoes changes, tightly linked to the time of incubation, especially in the shift from one species to another. These changes may be related to the toxicity degree measured after treatment of neuroblastoma cell cultures (SH-SY5Y). Cellular toxicity increase, induced by incubation with copper, may be explained with a slowdown in the evolution toward not toxic structures, and a consequent stabilization of oligomeric aggregates, notoriously much more toxic than fibrillary species. The incubation favors the formation of beta-sheet structures by hA17-29. The state of aggregation changes as a function of incubation time. The presence of copper in solution slows the fibrillogenesis process, and favors the stabilization of oligomeric species, instead other factors such as zinc and ribose favor the formation of large aggregates. The neuroblastoma cells viability decreases in relation to incubation time of the peptide fragment. The pre-incubation in the presence of copper further increases the toxicity of the peptide. This decrease of viability could also depend on the formation of toxic free radical species produced as a result of Fenton reactions. The analysis of the conditioned medium from endothelial cells shown a connection between alphaB-cristallin production and cellular stress. The production of alphaB-crystallin has been shown directly proportional to the concentration of Abeta25-35 peptide used to treat cell cultures. This is in agreement with literature data in which increased production of HSP, necessary for the proper folding of proteins and for the cell protection, is connected to events of cellular stress.
La funzione biologica di una proteina dipende dalla sua struttura tridimensionale, che è determinata dalla sua sequenza aminoacidica durante il processo di folding proteico. Il folding proteico nella cellula è un processo strettamente regolato che coinvolge una serie di proteine, dai chaperon molecolari alle proteasi, che assistono il processo folding e monitorano la qualità del prodotto finale. Molte malattie hanno mostrato di derivare da misfolding e sono raggruppate sotto il nome di disordini conformazionali proteici (DCP) . L'evento distintivo nei PCD è un cambiamento nella struttura secondaria e/o terziaria di una proteina normale senza alterazione della struttura primaria. Il cambiamento conformazionale può promuovere la malattia aumentando l attività tossica o causando la mancanza di funzione biologica della proteina nativa. I DCP comprendono il morbo di Alzheimer (AD) , il morbo di Huntington (HD), la fibrosi cistica, il diabete mellito di tipo II (T2DM), il morbo di Parkinson (PD), e molte altre malattie. Nella maggior parte dei DCP la proteina mal ripiegata è ricca di strutture beta-sheet. Sia T2DM che AD sono caratterizzati da aggregati proteici insolubili con conformazione fibrillare. L aggregazione dell amilina è associata alla perdita delle cellule beta pancreatiche, mentre Abeta e la formazione grovigli neurofibrillari sono associati alla perdita di cellule neuronali. Sono stati mostrati sia condivisi che separati modelli di tossicità per le due molecole amiloidogeniche Amilina e Abeta, che sono in parte mediati da recettori, con i recettori, almeno in una certa misura, condivisi tra le due molecole. Fattori microambientali quali gli ioni metallici sono noti interagire con queste molecole amiloidogeniche, rendendole tossiche per le cellule in coltura. Nel presente studio abbiamo dimostrato come i peptidi amiloidogenici formano spontaneamente aggregati amorfi o fibrillari. In presenza di rame la fibrillogenesi di Abeta25 35 subisce delle modifiche strettamente legate al tempo di incubazione, in particolare nel passaggio da una specie all altra. Questi cambiamenti possono essere correlati al grado di tossicità misurato dopo il trattamento di colture cellulari di neuroblastoma (SH-SY5Y). L aumento della tossicità cellulare, indotta mediante incubazione con rame, può essere spiegata con un rallentamento nell evoluzione verso strutture non tossiche, e con la conseguente stabilizzazione di aggregati oligomerici, notoriamente molto più tossici rispetto alle specie fibrillari. L'incubazione favorisce la formazione di strutture beta-sheet da parte di hA17-29. Lo stato di aggregazione cambia in funzione del tempo di incubazione. La presenza di rame in soluzione rallenta il processo di fibrillogenesi e favorisce la stabilizzazione di specie oligomeriche, mentre altri fattori, quali lo zinco e il ribosio, favoriscono la formazione di grandi aggregati. La vitalità delle cellule di neuroblastoma diminuisce in relazione al tempo di incubazione del frammento peptidico. La pre-incubazione in presenza di rame aumenta ulteriormente la tossicità del peptide. Questa diminuzione della vitalità potrebbe anche dipendere dalla formazione di radicali liberi tossici prodotti come risultato di reazioni di Fenton. L'analisi del medium condizionato da cellule endoteliali ha mostrato il collegamento fra la produzione di alphaB-cristallina e lo stress cellulare. È stato dimostrato che la produzione di alphaB cristallina è direttamente proporzionale alla concentrazione di peptide Abeta25-35 usato per trattare le colture cellulari. Questo è in accordo con i dati di letteratura in cui l aumentata produzione di HSP, necessarie per il corretto ripiegamento delle proteine e per la protezione delle cellule, è collegata ad eventi di stress cellulare.
BASI MOLECOLARI DEI DCP (DISORDINI CONFORMAZIONALI PROTEICI) A CARICO DEL SISTEMA NERVOSO: CONDIZIONI MICROAMBIENTALI E INTERRELAZIONI CELLULARI
CARUSO, GIUSEPPE
2013
Abstract
The biological function of a protein depends on its tridimensional structure, which is determined by its amino acid sequence during the process of protein folding. Protein folding in the cell is a tightly regulated process, involving a series of proteins, from molecular chaperones to proteases that assist the folding process and monitor the quality of the final product. Several diseases have been shown to arise from protein misfolding and are grouped together under the name of protein conformational disorders (PCDs). The hallmark event in PCDs is a change in the secondary and/or tertiary structure of a normal protein without alteration of the primary structure. The conformational change may promote the disease by either gain of a toxic activity or by the lack of biological function of the natively folded protein. The PCDs includes Alzheimer's disease (AD), Huntington disease (HD), cystic fibrosis, diabetes mellitus type II (T2DM), Parkinson disease (PD), and many other diseases. In most of PCDs the misfolded protein is rich in beta-sheet conformation. Both T2DM and AD are characterized by insoluble protein aggregates with a fibrillar conformation. Amylin aggregation is associated with pancreatic beta-cell loss, whereas Abeta and tangle formation is associated with neuronal cell loss. For the two amyloidogenic molecules Amylin and Abeta, shared and separate modes of toxicity have been revealed, that are in part receptor-mediated, with the receptors, at least to some degree, being shared between the two molecules. Microenvironmental factors such as metal ions are known to interact with these amyloidogenic molecules, and make them toxic for cultured cells. In the present study, we show that amyloidogenic peptides spontaneously form amorphous or fibrillary aggregates. In presence of copper Abeta25 35 fibrillogenesis undergoes changes, tightly linked to the time of incubation, especially in the shift from one species to another. These changes may be related to the toxicity degree measured after treatment of neuroblastoma cell cultures (SH-SY5Y). Cellular toxicity increase, induced by incubation with copper, may be explained with a slowdown in the evolution toward not toxic structures, and a consequent stabilization of oligomeric aggregates, notoriously much more toxic than fibrillary species. The incubation favors the formation of beta-sheet structures by hA17-29. The state of aggregation changes as a function of incubation time. The presence of copper in solution slows the fibrillogenesis process, and favors the stabilization of oligomeric species, instead other factors such as zinc and ribose favor the formation of large aggregates. The neuroblastoma cells viability decreases in relation to incubation time of the peptide fragment. The pre-incubation in the presence of copper further increases the toxicity of the peptide. This decrease of viability could also depend on the formation of toxic free radical species produced as a result of Fenton reactions. The analysis of the conditioned medium from endothelial cells shown a connection between alphaB-cristallin production and cellular stress. The production of alphaB-crystallin has been shown directly proportional to the concentration of Abeta25-35 peptide used to treat cell cultures. This is in agreement with literature data in which increased production of HSP, necessary for the proper folding of proteins and for the cell protection, is connected to events of cellular stress.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/73791
URN:NBN:IT:UNICT-73791