The second half of the 1980s was the moment when the renewal effort became more intense and pressing for the Pci. Going beyond the crisis and letting it contaminate them were the challenges that Achille Occhetto, the last secretary, launched to the entire tradition of Italian communism, driven both by the profound transformations that western societies were going through and by the changes that from the crossroads of 1989 shook the system of Soviet countries, as well as Europe as a whole. Gorbachev's perestroika was assumed not only as a hope for the regeneration of real socialism, but was taken as a reference for the modernisation of the Pci itself, which in turn was to stimulate an overall reform of the Italian political system, by then considered unjustifiably stuck on the pentapartite power pact. Also in virtue of this, the new generation at the helm of the Italian Communists somehow allowed the conflicts that animated society externally to act internally, undermining the identity and conservative traits persisting in the head and body of the party. Among them, in particular, the clash with the environmentalist movement definitively decreed the limits of its function of directing broad popular masses and, at the same time, the ability of public opinion - as well as its own base and various collateral organisations - to direct the political choices of Botteghe Oscure. Centripetal and equally centrifugal thrusts highlighted how the claim of wanting to represent every social manifestation within the restricted space of the section was outdated. It was necessary, it was said, to search for the “diffused left” and to know how to open the doors to civil society: this was the spirit already of the “new course”, which the Bolognina turning point further inverted, accentuating the search for something new. Realising the new in a synergy between movements and party: this Occhetto's purpose found meaning in the most eloquent experiment - and for this reason taken “as a pretext” - which was the “Palermo Spring”. An “anomalous laboratory” of politics between Catholic democrats, the civic left, associations and communists that was supposed to anticipate the breakdown and recomposition of the national political framework. The Sicilian capital represented one of the few places in Italy where the hypotheses and hopes of the Pci secretary could find concrete realisation. To the point that not a few imagined the possibility that the leader of that “anti-Mafia liberation” struggle, but not only, Leoluca Orlando, could be one of the main pillars of the new political formation born from the dissolution of the Pci into the Partito democratico della sinistra. In particular, because the Palermo case was prefiguring a different idea of democracy, at the centre of which were no longer the parties, but the citizens and their ability to organise themselves beyond traditional political forms. The outcome was not what Occhetto had hoped for, while Orlando chose to run alone, challenging his own party, the Dc, with the birth of a new transversal and post-ideological movement, the “Rete”. At the dawn of the crisis of the political system - as well as economic, financial and moral - those who had seen the signs of the avalanche and were the first to be able to offer an adjustment of their own political offerings, were not as skilful in guiding the country's transition. They vainly attempted to place themselves at the head of the anti-political protest, of an indistinct, recalcitrant public opinion that was impossible to domesticate. The Pds, in particular, failed to seize the opportunity to favour those reforms of politics and institutions at the very moment when it was urgent and necessary, after years of claims to do so. It was, instead, more immediate - but also more distant from its own tradition - to solicit the rebellious magma: an impulse that, indeed, the post-communists had stimulated and found its roots in the changes in culture and political practice constructed in the wake of the long decade of the 1980s. In order to reconstruct the stages that placed the Pci (and the Pds), but also that more or less widespread left, in the face of the challenges of modernity that matured at that crossroads, the research attempted to approach the new and diversified sources available with a historiographical method and, with the assumption of a greater distance from those events, tried to mark with more precision the moments considered most significant in the path of change. In short, the intention was to measure those attempts and outcomes with a critical method, without rushing “into hindsight” that a past history, yet still acting on the present, risks inducing.
La seconda metà degli anni Ottanta costituì per il Pci il momento in cui lo sforzo di rinnovamento si fece più intenso e incalzante. Andare oltre la crisi e lasciarsi contaminare furono le sfide che lanciò Achille Occhetto, l’ultimo segretario, a tutta la tradizione del comunismo italiano, su impulso sia delle profonde trasformazioni che stavano attraversando le società occidentali, sia per effetto dei cambiamenti che dal crocevia del 1989 sconvolsero il sistema dei paesi sovietici, nonché l’Europa nel suo complesso. La perestrojka gorbacioviana venne assunta non solo come speranza per la rigenerazione del socialismo reale, ma fu colta come riferimento per la modernizzazione dello stesso Pci, il quale a sua volta avrebbe dovuto stimolare una riforma complessiva del sistema politico italiano, ormai ritenuto ingiustificatamente bloccato sul patto di potere del pentapartito. Anche in virtù di ciò, la nuova generazione alla guida dei comunisti italiani lasciò, in qualche modo, che i conflitti che animavano all’esterno la società agissero internamente mettendo in crisi i tratti identitari e conservativi persistenti nella testa e nel corpo del partito. Tra di essi, in particolare, l’urto con il movimento ambientalista decretò definitivamente i limiti della sua funzione di indirizzo di ampie masse popolari e, al tempo stesso, la capacità dell’opinione pubblica – oltre che della propria base e di diverse organizzazioni collaterali – di orientare le scelte politiche di Botteghe Oscure. Spinte centripete e altrettante centrifughe evidenziavano come fosse superata la pretesa di voler rappresentare ogni manifestazione sociale all’interno dello spazio ristretto della sezione. Occorreva, si disse, ricercare la “sinistra diffusa” e saper aprire le porte alla società civile: fu questo lo spirito già del “nuovo corso”, che la svolta della Bolognina inverò ulteriormente, accentuando la ricerca di una cosa nuova. Realizzare il nuovo in una sinergia tra movimenti e partito: questo proposito di Occhetto trovò senso nell’esperimento più eloquente – e per tale ragione preso “a pretesto” – quale fu la “Primavera di Palermo”. Un “anomalo laboratorio” politico tra cattolici-democratici, sinistra civica, associazionismo e comunisti che avrebbe dovuto anticipare la scomposizione e ricomposizione del quadro politico nazionale. Il capoluogo siciliano rappresentò uno dei pochi luoghi d’Italia dove le ipotesi e le speranze del segretario del Pci potevano trovare concreta realizzazione. Al punto che non pochi immaginarono la possibilità che il leader di quella lotta di “liberazione antimafiosa”, ma non solo, Leoluca Orlando, potesse costituire una fra le principali colonne della nuova formazione politica nata dallo scioglimento del Pci in Partito democratico della sinistra. In particolare, per il fatto che il caso palermitano stesse prefigurando una diversa idea di democrazia, al centro della quale non erano più i partiti, bensì i cittadini e la loro capacità di organizzarsi al di là delle forme politiche tradizionali. L’esito non fu quello auspicato da Occhetto, mentre Orlando scelse di correre in solitaria, sfidando il proprio partito, la Dc, con la nascita di un nuovo movimento trasversale e post-ideologico, la Rete. All’alba della crisi del sistema politico – nonché economico, finanziario e morale – coloro che avevano visto i segnali della slavina e per primi erano stati in grado di offrire un adeguamento della propria offerta politica, non furono altrettanto abili nel guidare la transizione del Paese. Tentarono vanamente di porsi alla testa della protesta antipolitica, di un’opinione pubblica indistinta, recalcitrante e impossibile da domesticare. Il Pds, in particolare, non colse l’opportunità di favorire quelle riforme della politica e delle istituzioni proprio nel momento in cui era urgente e necessario, dopo anni di rivendicazioni in tal senso. Fu, invece, più immediato – ma anche più distante dalla propria tradizione – sollecitare il magma ribellistico: un impulso che, invero, i post-comunisti avevano stimolato e trovava le proprie radici nei mutamenti di cultura e prassi politica costruiti nel solco del lungo decennio degli anni Ottanta. Per ricostruire le tappe che posero il Pci (e il Pds), ma anche quella sinistra più o meno diffusa, di fronte alle sfide della modernità maturate in quel crocevia, la ricerca ha tentato di approcciare con metodo storiografico le nuove e diversificate fonti a disposizione e, con l’assunzione di una maggiore distanza da quegli eventi, ha provato a scandire con più precisione i momenti ritenuti più significativi nel percorso di svolta. Insomma, si è inteso misurare quei tentativi ed esiti con metodo critico, senza precipitare “nel senno di poi” che una storia passata, ma ancora agente sul presente, rischia di indurre.
La sfida della modernità. Pci, società civile e movimenti nella crisi della Repubblica
TESEI, ROBERTO
2023
Abstract
The second half of the 1980s was the moment when the renewal effort became more intense and pressing for the Pci. Going beyond the crisis and letting it contaminate them were the challenges that Achille Occhetto, the last secretary, launched to the entire tradition of Italian communism, driven both by the profound transformations that western societies were going through and by the changes that from the crossroads of 1989 shook the system of Soviet countries, as well as Europe as a whole. Gorbachev's perestroika was assumed not only as a hope for the regeneration of real socialism, but was taken as a reference for the modernisation of the Pci itself, which in turn was to stimulate an overall reform of the Italian political system, by then considered unjustifiably stuck on the pentapartite power pact. Also in virtue of this, the new generation at the helm of the Italian Communists somehow allowed the conflicts that animated society externally to act internally, undermining the identity and conservative traits persisting in the head and body of the party. Among them, in particular, the clash with the environmentalist movement definitively decreed the limits of its function of directing broad popular masses and, at the same time, the ability of public opinion - as well as its own base and various collateral organisations - to direct the political choices of Botteghe Oscure. Centripetal and equally centrifugal thrusts highlighted how the claim of wanting to represent every social manifestation within the restricted space of the section was outdated. It was necessary, it was said, to search for the “diffused left” and to know how to open the doors to civil society: this was the spirit already of the “new course”, which the Bolognina turning point further inverted, accentuating the search for something new. Realising the new in a synergy between movements and party: this Occhetto's purpose found meaning in the most eloquent experiment - and for this reason taken “as a pretext” - which was the “Palermo Spring”. An “anomalous laboratory” of politics between Catholic democrats, the civic left, associations and communists that was supposed to anticipate the breakdown and recomposition of the national political framework. The Sicilian capital represented one of the few places in Italy where the hypotheses and hopes of the Pci secretary could find concrete realisation. To the point that not a few imagined the possibility that the leader of that “anti-Mafia liberation” struggle, but not only, Leoluca Orlando, could be one of the main pillars of the new political formation born from the dissolution of the Pci into the Partito democratico della sinistra. In particular, because the Palermo case was prefiguring a different idea of democracy, at the centre of which were no longer the parties, but the citizens and their ability to organise themselves beyond traditional political forms. The outcome was not what Occhetto had hoped for, while Orlando chose to run alone, challenging his own party, the Dc, with the birth of a new transversal and post-ideological movement, the “Rete”. At the dawn of the crisis of the political system - as well as economic, financial and moral - those who had seen the signs of the avalanche and were the first to be able to offer an adjustment of their own political offerings, were not as skilful in guiding the country's transition. They vainly attempted to place themselves at the head of the anti-political protest, of an indistinct, recalcitrant public opinion that was impossible to domesticate. The Pds, in particular, failed to seize the opportunity to favour those reforms of politics and institutions at the very moment when it was urgent and necessary, after years of claims to do so. It was, instead, more immediate - but also more distant from its own tradition - to solicit the rebellious magma: an impulse that, indeed, the post-communists had stimulated and found its roots in the changes in culture and political practice constructed in the wake of the long decade of the 1980s. In order to reconstruct the stages that placed the Pci (and the Pds), but also that more or less widespread left, in the face of the challenges of modernity that matured at that crossroads, the research attempted to approach the new and diversified sources available with a historiographical method and, with the assumption of a greater distance from those events, tried to mark with more precision the moments considered most significant in the path of change. In short, the intention was to measure those attempts and outcomes with a critical method, without rushing “into hindsight” that a past history, yet still acting on the present, risks inducing.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/73828
URN:NBN:IT:UNICT-73828