Over the last years, nutraceutical, syncretic neologism from "nutrition" and "pharmaceutical" coined by Stephen De Felice in 1989, has aroused considerable interest for the beneficial effects that some nutrients contained in food have on health, on the prevention and the treatment of illnesses. Most of the nutraceuticals originate in the realm of plants, since they are present in both fruits and vegetables. Among the typical vegetables of the Mediterranean environment, the artichoke and the lesser-known cardoon are a natural reservoir of biologically active compounds, including mono- and dicaffeilchinic acids and flavonoids, which represent the dominant fraction. During the flowering season of the cardoon, a characteristic honey is produced in some areas of Sicily and Sardinia. The honey composition is quite variable and depends on numerous factors: on the botanical and geographical origin, on the quality of the soil, on climatic trends and species of honeybees that produce the honey. The purpose of this work was to determine and quantify the transfer of the main biologically active metabolites present in the leaves and pollen of Cynara cardunculus L. var. altilis to honey obtained in varietal purity, under controlled conditions through the use of two bee genotypes (ligustica and sicula). Both the influence of the origin (cardoon honey produced in varietal purity and produced commercially) and the bee genotype, were evaluated on the main quality parameters and characterization of honey (pH, sugars, minerals, total phenols and flavonoids, phenolic composition and antioxidant capacity using the DPPH, FRAP and ABTS tests). Moreover, considering the little knowledge that we have about the characteristics of the Sicilian black honeybee today and the growing interest in honey produced by this honeybee genotype, some qualitative features have been evaluated including the total phenolic content and the antioxidant capacity. This was done by comparing commercial honeys of various botanical origins produced in the same geographical area (Sicily) from the Sicilian black honeybee and the ligustica honeybee. The results showed the transfer of bioactive molecules from the cardoon plant to the honey obtained from it and the influence of honeybee genotype. The honey of the Sicilian black bee showed a 195% increase compared to the honey of the honey of the ligustica honeybee. In the average of the factors studied, the most present compounds were chlorogenic acid (2,41 mg 100 g-1) and apigenin-7-O-glucuronide (2,39 mg 100 g-1). And yet, by comparing the honeys of cardoon produced in varietal purity in homogeneous conditions and the commercial ones by the two honeybee genotypes, it showed that their composition is influenced by the origin (pure cardoon honey and commercial honey) as well as the honeybee genotype. Regarding the qualitative characteristics of Sicilian commercial honeys of different botanical origins (cardoon, chestnut, eucalyptus, sulla, orange, ferula and pluryfloral), produced by the Sicilian black and ligustica honeybee, these have been significantly influenced, as expected, by the origin and also by the honeybee genotype. In particular, honey produced by the Sicilian black bee showed increases both in the total phenol and flavonoid content, with values of 71% and 51%, and in the reducing power (FRAP) and in the radical scavenger (DPPH and ABTS) of honey, with increases 87% and 80% respectively. The correlation between all the parameters analyzed was statistically significant (p < 0,05). In conclusion, the experimental results have shown that cardoon honey has a high nutraceutical value, especially if produced in varietal purity, and that the Sicilian black honeybee significantly influences the honey composition, producing honeys of better quality with a greater antioxidant capacity compared to the ligustica honeybee.
Negli ultimi anni la nutraceutica, neologismo sincratico da nutrizione e farmaceutica coniato da Stephen De Felice nel 1989, ha suscitato un notevole interesse per gli effetti benefici che alcuni nutrienti contenuti negli alimenti hanno sulla salute. La maggior parte dei nutraceutici ha origine nel mondo vegetale, trovandosi nella frutta e nella verdura. Tra i vegetali tipici dell ambiente mediterraneo il Carciofo e il meno conosciuto Cardo rappresentano un serbatoio naturale di composti biologicamente attivi, tra cui acidi mono- e dicaffeilchinici e flavonoidi, che rappresentano la frazione più abbondante. Durante la fioritura del cardo in alcune aree della Sicilia e della Sardegna, si produce un miele caratteristico. La composizione del miele è alquanto variabile e dipende da numerosi fattori: origine botanica e geografica, natura del suolo, andamento climatico e specie di api che lo producono. Lo scopo di questo lavoro è stato quello di determinare e quantificare il passaggio dei principali metaboliti biologicamente attivi presenti in foglie e polline di Cynara cardunculus L. var. altilis, al miele da esso ottenuto in purezza, in condizioni controllate, mediante l utilizzo di due genotipi di ape (ligustica e sicula). È stata valutata sia l influenza dell origine (miele di cardo prodotto in purezza e commerciale) che del genotipo di ape, sui principali parametri di qualità e di caratterizzazione del miele (pH, zuccheri, minerali, fenoli e flavonoidi totali, composizione fenolica e capacità ossidante mediante i saggi DPPH, FRAP e ABTS). Inoltre, considerate le poche conoscenze che ad oggi si hanno sulle caratteristiche del miele di ape sicula e il crescente interesse per il miele prodotto da questo genotipo di ape, sono state valutate alcune caratteristiche di qualità tra cui il contenuto fenolico totale e la capacità antiossidante, ponendo a confronto mieli commerciali di varia origine botanica prodotti nella stessa zona geografica (Sicilia) da ape sicula e ape ligustica. I risultati ottenuti hanno mostrato che vi è trasferimento di molecole biologicamente attive dalla pianta di cardo al miele da essa ottenuto e che questo è influenzato dal genotipo di ape, con il miele di ape sicula che presenta un incremento del 195% rispetto a quello di ligustica. Nella media dei fattori studiati, i composti maggiormente presenti sono risultati l acido clorogenico (2,41 mg 100 g-1) e l apigenin-7-O-glucuronide (2,39 mg 100 g-1). Inoltre, confrontando i mieli di cardo prodotti in purezza in condizioni omogenee e quelli commerciali dai due genotipi di ape, è emerso che la loro composizione risulta influenzata sia dall origine (miele di cardo in purezza e commerciale) che dal genotipo di ape. Per quel che concerne le caratteristiche di qualità dei mieli commerciali siciliani di differente origine floreale (cardo, castagno, eucalipto, sulla, arancio, ferula e millefiori), prodotti da ape sicula e ligustica, queste sono state influenzate in maniera significativa oltre che dall origine anche dal genotipo di ape. In particolare i mieli prodotti da ape sicula hanno presentato incrementi sia del contenuto di fenoli e flavonoidi totali, con valori del 71% e 51%, che del potere riducente (FRAP) e di scavenger radicale (DPPH e ABTS) del miele, con incrementi rispettivamente del 87% e 80%. La correlazione tra tutti i parametri analizzati è risultata statisticamente significativa (p < 0,05). In conclusione i risultati sperimentali hanno evidenziato che il miele di cardo possiede un alto valore nutraceutico, soprattutto se prodotto in purezza e che l ape nera sicula influenza significativamente la composizione del miele, producendo mieli di qualità superiore e con una maggiore capacità antiossidante rispetto all ape ligustica.
Caratterizzazione di metaboliti biologicamente attivi presenti nel miele di cardo prodotto da popolazioni siciliane di Apis mellifera
GENOVESE, CLAUDIA
2018
Abstract
Over the last years, nutraceutical, syncretic neologism from "nutrition" and "pharmaceutical" coined by Stephen De Felice in 1989, has aroused considerable interest for the beneficial effects that some nutrients contained in food have on health, on the prevention and the treatment of illnesses. Most of the nutraceuticals originate in the realm of plants, since they are present in both fruits and vegetables. Among the typical vegetables of the Mediterranean environment, the artichoke and the lesser-known cardoon are a natural reservoir of biologically active compounds, including mono- and dicaffeilchinic acids and flavonoids, which represent the dominant fraction. During the flowering season of the cardoon, a characteristic honey is produced in some areas of Sicily and Sardinia. The honey composition is quite variable and depends on numerous factors: on the botanical and geographical origin, on the quality of the soil, on climatic trends and species of honeybees that produce the honey. The purpose of this work was to determine and quantify the transfer of the main biologically active metabolites present in the leaves and pollen of Cynara cardunculus L. var. altilis to honey obtained in varietal purity, under controlled conditions through the use of two bee genotypes (ligustica and sicula). Both the influence of the origin (cardoon honey produced in varietal purity and produced commercially) and the bee genotype, were evaluated on the main quality parameters and characterization of honey (pH, sugars, minerals, total phenols and flavonoids, phenolic composition and antioxidant capacity using the DPPH, FRAP and ABTS tests). Moreover, considering the little knowledge that we have about the characteristics of the Sicilian black honeybee today and the growing interest in honey produced by this honeybee genotype, some qualitative features have been evaluated including the total phenolic content and the antioxidant capacity. This was done by comparing commercial honeys of various botanical origins produced in the same geographical area (Sicily) from the Sicilian black honeybee and the ligustica honeybee. The results showed the transfer of bioactive molecules from the cardoon plant to the honey obtained from it and the influence of honeybee genotype. The honey of the Sicilian black bee showed a 195% increase compared to the honey of the honey of the ligustica honeybee. In the average of the factors studied, the most present compounds were chlorogenic acid (2,41 mg 100 g-1) and apigenin-7-O-glucuronide (2,39 mg 100 g-1). And yet, by comparing the honeys of cardoon produced in varietal purity in homogeneous conditions and the commercial ones by the two honeybee genotypes, it showed that their composition is influenced by the origin (pure cardoon honey and commercial honey) as well as the honeybee genotype. Regarding the qualitative characteristics of Sicilian commercial honeys of different botanical origins (cardoon, chestnut, eucalyptus, sulla, orange, ferula and pluryfloral), produced by the Sicilian black and ligustica honeybee, these have been significantly influenced, as expected, by the origin and also by the honeybee genotype. In particular, honey produced by the Sicilian black bee showed increases both in the total phenol and flavonoid content, with values of 71% and 51%, and in the reducing power (FRAP) and in the radical scavenger (DPPH and ABTS) of honey, with increases 87% and 80% respectively. The correlation between all the parameters analyzed was statistically significant (p < 0,05). In conclusion, the experimental results have shown that cardoon honey has a high nutraceutical value, especially if produced in varietal purity, and that the Sicilian black honeybee significantly influences the honey composition, producing honeys of better quality with a greater antioxidant capacity compared to the ligustica honeybee.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/74280
URN:NBN:IT:UNICT-74280