The contemporary ethical reflection focuses the philosophical discussion on the difficulties arising today when you want to submit ethical questions concerning the quality of life in the complex and heterogeneous mass of human contexts in which the determination to be measured. This research project is meant to suggest a route to ethical enquiry, which is in a position to effectually interpret the complexity of the actual global world. Such an approach must presuppose the analysis of human nature that Martha Nussbaum puts as the epistemological presupposition to every ethical treatment and must assume a perspective of reference considering problematically our actual multiform society. The formulation of universal ethical principles answers a historical project of moral philosophy which anyway, in the most recent debate, runs the risk of assuming the form of a perverse and discriminating logic. If, as guessed by Amartya Sen, moral philosophy cannot thoroughly give up prescribing universal principles such as equality and freedom, yet we expect a critical re-examination. The necessity arises of ascribing the ethical reflection in the discussion concerning the criteria by which it is possible to build a just society, leaving nobody out. It is necessary, therefore, to put the revisiting of conceptual achievements, like become a person, in a more and more complex context. Sen and Nussbaum have issued a challenge on the need to redefine ethical reflection in the light of the fundamental capabilities of the human person in the social, cultural and economic reality in which it lives. Since today the philosophical reflection on the quality of life and the global welfare involves institutions as the UN, we intend to focus on the phase of theoric elaboration produced by the above mentioned authors during the years of their consulence for the research at the World Institute for Development of Economic Research of the United Nations. Martha Nussbaum takes her place on the contemporary ethical philosophy scene as a liberal intellectual, she interprets in an original way a pluralist ethical perspective which is up to indicating the conditions of possible fulfilment of an overlapping consensus. Nussbaum recalls, in her philosophical elaboration, the Rawlsian method of reflective equilibrium: the initial moral credence is corrected in the light of other beliefs and available ethical theories, until we reach a conscious equilibrium and a shareable solution between these components. Inquiry on the conditions of possible application of an ethics of capabilities, gives pride of place the evaluation of the meta-ethical objectivism, supported by Martha Nussbaum and of the meta-ethical relativism supported by Amartya Sen. On the methodological plane we intend to follow the perspective marked out by Nussbaum, according to which it can be effectual to accompany the language of human rights , which is well-established by now and constitutes the moral plan within which we usually organize many questions of social ethics with the approach of capabilities and functioning. Thinking in terms of capabilities yields a method for thinking on what it means warranting somebody a right, insists Nussbaum, pointing out the role of philosophy in the exam of the fundamental constitutional principles. At the operational level the capability approach will be referred to the female genital mutilation, to examine the possibility of supporting that females should have the choice of whether or not to go through with the act of FGM, as this procedure removes their opportunity to fulfil their full capabilities as both human beings and as women. This issue draws topic that states are legitimate in intervening to allow capabilities to be satisfied.
La riflessione etica contemporanea ha posto al centro della discussione filosofica la difficoltà di sottoporre oggi questioni etiche relative alla qualità della vita, nella complessa ed eterogenea congerie di contesti umani in cui misurarne la determinazione. Il progetto di ricerca intende proporre un percorso di indagine etica della società attuale, che sia in grado di interpretare efficacemente la complessità del mondo globale. Tale approccio deve considerare l analisi della natura umana, che Martha Nussbaum pone come presupposto epistemologico per ogni trattazione etica, e deve assumere una prospettiva di riferimento che consideri problematicamente le questioni del pluralismo etico. La formulazione di principi etici universali risponde ad un progetto storico della filosofia morale che tuttavia, nel dibattito più recente, rischia di assumere la forma di una logica perversa e discriminante. Se, come intuisce Amartya Sen, la filosofia morale non può rinunciare del tutto a prescrivere principi universali come l uguaglianza e la libertà, tuttavia dobbiamo pretenderne un riesame critico. Emerge la necessità di ascrivere la riflessione etica nella discussione circa i criteri in base ai quali sia possibile costruire una società giusta, senza lasciare fuori nessuno. Occorre, dunque, calare in un contesto sempre più complesso la rivisitazione di conquiste concettuali, come appunto il diventare persone. Sen e Nussbaum hanno lanciato una sfida sul bisogno di ridefinire la riflessione etica, alla luce delle capacità fondamentali della persona umana nella realtà sociale, culturale ed economica in cui vive. Poiché oggi la riflessione filosofica circa la qualità della vita e il benessere globale coinvolge istituzioni come l ONU, si intende porre attenzione alla fase della elaborazione teorica prodotta dagli autori su menzionati durante gli anni di consulenza per la ricerca al World Institute for Development Economic Research delle Nazioni Unite. Martha Nussbaum si colloca nella scena della filosofia etica contemporanea come intellettuale liberal e interpreta in modo originale una prospettiva etica pluralista in grado di indicare le condizioni di possibile realizzazione di un overlapping consensus. Nussbaum richiama, nella sua elaborazione filosofica, il metodo rawlsiano dell'equilibrio riflessivo: la credenza morale iniziale viene corretta alla luce delle altre credenze e delle teorie etiche disponibili, fino a che fra queste componenti non si raggiunga un equilibrio consapevole ed una soluzione condivisibile. L indagine sulle condizioni di possibile applicazione di un etica delle capacità, pone in primo luogo il vaglio dell oggettivismo metaetico, sostenuto da Martha Nussbaum ed il relativismo metaetico sostenuto da Amartya Sen. Sul piano metodologico si intende assecondare la prospettiva tracciata da Nussbaum secondo la quale possa risultare efficace accompagnare il linguaggio ormai consolidato dei diritti umani , che costituisce il piano morale entro il quale siamo soliti inquadrare molte questioni di etica sociale con l approccio delle capacità e del funzionamento. Pensare in termini di capacità ci offre un metodo per pensare a cosa significhi assicurare un diritto a qualcuno, ribadisce Nussbaum, indicando il ruolo della filosofia nell esame dei principi costituzionali fondamentali. A livello operazionale l approccio delle capacità verrà riferito alle mutilazioni genitali femminili, per esaminare la possibilità di sostenere che le donne dovrebbero avere la possibilità di scegliere se o non procedere con l'atto di MGF, in quanto questa procedura rimuove la possibilità di soddisfare le capacità di una vita pienamente dispiegata, come esseri umani e come donne. Tale questione spiega in che misura gli stati sono legittimati ad intervenire per consentire che le capacità centrali siano pienamente dispiegate.
LA FILOSOFIA PRATICA DI AMARTYA SEN E MARTHA NUSSBAUM. «DEPRIVATION OF CAPABILITIES» E IL CASO DELLE MUTILAZIONI GENITALI FEMMINILI.
SANTAGATI, GABRIELLA
2012
Abstract
The contemporary ethical reflection focuses the philosophical discussion on the difficulties arising today when you want to submit ethical questions concerning the quality of life in the complex and heterogeneous mass of human contexts in which the determination to be measured. This research project is meant to suggest a route to ethical enquiry, which is in a position to effectually interpret the complexity of the actual global world. Such an approach must presuppose the analysis of human nature that Martha Nussbaum puts as the epistemological presupposition to every ethical treatment and must assume a perspective of reference considering problematically our actual multiform society. The formulation of universal ethical principles answers a historical project of moral philosophy which anyway, in the most recent debate, runs the risk of assuming the form of a perverse and discriminating logic. If, as guessed by Amartya Sen, moral philosophy cannot thoroughly give up prescribing universal principles such as equality and freedom, yet we expect a critical re-examination. The necessity arises of ascribing the ethical reflection in the discussion concerning the criteria by which it is possible to build a just society, leaving nobody out. It is necessary, therefore, to put the revisiting of conceptual achievements, like become a person, in a more and more complex context. Sen and Nussbaum have issued a challenge on the need to redefine ethical reflection in the light of the fundamental capabilities of the human person in the social, cultural and economic reality in which it lives. Since today the philosophical reflection on the quality of life and the global welfare involves institutions as the UN, we intend to focus on the phase of theoric elaboration produced by the above mentioned authors during the years of their consulence for the research at the World Institute for Development of Economic Research of the United Nations. Martha Nussbaum takes her place on the contemporary ethical philosophy scene as a liberal intellectual, she interprets in an original way a pluralist ethical perspective which is up to indicating the conditions of possible fulfilment of an overlapping consensus. Nussbaum recalls, in her philosophical elaboration, the Rawlsian method of reflective equilibrium: the initial moral credence is corrected in the light of other beliefs and available ethical theories, until we reach a conscious equilibrium and a shareable solution between these components. Inquiry on the conditions of possible application of an ethics of capabilities, gives pride of place the evaluation of the meta-ethical objectivism, supported by Martha Nussbaum and of the meta-ethical relativism supported by Amartya Sen. On the methodological plane we intend to follow the perspective marked out by Nussbaum, according to which it can be effectual to accompany the language of human rights , which is well-established by now and constitutes the moral plan within which we usually organize many questions of social ethics with the approach of capabilities and functioning. Thinking in terms of capabilities yields a method for thinking on what it means warranting somebody a right, insists Nussbaum, pointing out the role of philosophy in the exam of the fundamental constitutional principles. At the operational level the capability approach will be referred to the female genital mutilation, to examine the possibility of supporting that females should have the choice of whether or not to go through with the act of FGM, as this procedure removes their opportunity to fulfil their full capabilities as both human beings and as women. This issue draws topic that states are legitimate in intervening to allow capabilities to be satisfied.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/74730
URN:NBN:IT:UNICT-74730