Penicillin-resistance among Enterococcus faecalis clinical isolates has been recently associated with overexpression or aminoacidic substitutions in low-affinity PBP4, as well as the rare mechanism of production of beta-lactamases. Ceftobiprole (BPR), a new-generation cephalosporin, is a therapeutic option against E. faecalis. pbp4 gene sequence alterations may influence the expression levels of the gene and ceftobiprole binding to PBP4 in E.faecalis clinical isolates showing remarkable multi-drug-resistance phenotype and how this could interfere with BPR in vitro antibacterial and bactericidal activity. I focused my research project on the study of the ceftobiprole activity, a new generation cephalosporin, against a selected sample of Enterococcus faecalis clinical isolates, belonging to different resistance phenotypes, and deepening the knowledge on the molecular factors influencing the decrease of susceptibility to this molecule. This project was faced by different but complementary approaches: phenotypic, molecular, and protein/enzymatic, the ability to produce beta-lactamases under antibiotic induction was further evaluated. Therefore, the main goals of this project were to: i) analyze the susceptibility profiles of a larger collection of E. faecalis clinical isolates belonging to severe infections, in order to select a sample of significative strains; ii) investigate the activity of diverse beta-lactams, focusing on the ceftobiprole in vitro antibacterial and bactericidal activity, by Time-kill curve assay; iii) analyze the pbp4 gene sequence and its expression levels) compare the pbp4 expression levels with the reduced susceptibility to beta-lactams and, specifically, ceftobiprole; v) study the interactions between ceftobiprole and high-molecular-mass (HMM) low-reactive PBPs, with a particular focus on PBP4, to look for a possible role of PBP4 alterations in influencing the binding to ceftobiprole. Here we found that benzyl-penicillin and 5th generation cephalosporins interact with PBP4 in similar ways. In PRAS/BPR-NS E. faecalis clinical isolates, the interaction between increased pbp4 gene expression, due to the delA in the upstream region consensus sequence, and the supposed remodeling of the penicillin-binding domain, due to alterations in the PBP4 amino acid sequence, influence their β-lactams and ceftobiprole susceptibility profiles, explicating an in vitro antibacterial effect, without affecting BPR cidal activity. Enhanced PBP4 expression did not alter the bactericidal activity of ceftobiprole but was only responsible for increased MIC values in PRAS/BPR-NS strains carrying delA in the regulatory promoter region. Alterations in the catalytic-site are not involved in the low-reactivity of PBP4, that is a common characteristic for all E. faecalis strains. Other PBPs showed low reactivity upon exposure to cell-wall stress, due to BPR-treatment, demonstrating their critical role in intrinsic cephalosporin resistance of E. faecalis. Investigations on the genetic mechanisms involved in cephalosporin resistance, and alterations of the main molecular targets used by enterococci to subvert beta-lactam/PBPs affinity, are imperative for preventing and treating life-threatening infections. Our results shift the paradigm for enterococcal cephalosporin resistance, by demonstrating that the PBP4 is necessary and sufficient for BPR resistance. Ceftobiprole exposure involves the cooperation between low-affinity class B PBP4 and at least one (PonA/PBP1a) or two (PBPF/2a) bifunctional class A PBPs. Class B low-affinity PBP4 acts in concert with either the PonA or PBP2a to synthesize peptidoglycan in presence of concentration of BPR sufficient to inhibit all the other PBPs except for the PBP4.
La resistenza ai beta-lattamici tra isolati clinici di Enterococcus faecalis è strettamente correlata alla overespressione e ad alterazioni della sequenza genica di una Penicillin-Binding Protein (PBP) a bassa affinità, nota come PBP4, nonché al più raro meccanismo di produzione di beta-lattamasi. Il ceftobiprolo, una cefalosporina di nuova generazione, è considerata una valida opzione terapeutica contro E.faecalis. Alterazioni della sequenza genica della PBP4 possono influenzare l’interazione tra ceftobiprolo e PBP4 in isolati clinici di E.faecalis e possono interferire con l'attività antibatterica e battericida del ceftobiprolo in vitro. Il presente progetto di ricerca si è focalizzato sullo studio dell'attività del ceftobiprolo verso un campione selezionato di isolati clinici di E. faecalis che mostrano diversi profili di resistenza, approfondendo le conoscenze sui fattori molecolari che influenzano la ridotta sensibilità a questa molecola. Gli obiettivi principali sono stati: i) analizzare i profili di sensibilità di una più ampia collezione di isolati clinici di E. faecalis, al fine di selezionare un campione di ceppi significativi; ii) indagare l'attività di diversi beta-lattamici, concentrandoci sull'attività antibatterica e battericida in vitro del ceftobiprolo, mediante saggi di battericidia; iii) analizzare la sequenza del gene pbp4 e i suoi livelli di espressione, confrontandoli con la ridotta sensibilità ai beta-lattamici e, in particolare, al ceftobiprolo; v) studiare le interazioni tra ceftobiprolo e PBPs ad alto peso molecolare (HMM) e a bassa affinità verso i beta-lattamici, con particolare attenzione verso la PBP4. Dai risultati ottenuti è emerso che la benzil-penicillina e le cefalosporine di quinta generazione interagiscono similmente con la PBP4. Negli isolati clinici di E. faecalis penicillino-resistenti/ampicillino-sensibili (PRAS/BPR-NS), è emersa una correlazione tra aumentati livelli di espressione del gene pbp4, e la delezione di una adenina (delA) in una regione a monte del promotore; inoltre, il presunto rimodellamento del dominio di legame della penicillina, dovuto ad alterazioni aminoacidiche dei siti catalitici della PBP4, influenzano i profili di sensibilità ai β-lattamici e al ceftobiprolo, con un marcato effetto antibatterico in vitro, senza influenzare tuttavia l'attività battericida del ceftobiprolo. L’incremento dei livelli di espressione della PBP4 non altera l'attività battericida del ceftobiprolo, ma si è visto essere responsabile solo dell'aumento dei valori di MIC nei ceppi PRAS/BPR-NS che presentavano la delA nella regione del promotore. Le alterazioni del sito catalitico non sono coinvolte nella bassa reattività della PBP4, che è una caratteristica comune a tutti i ceppi di E. faecalis. Altre PBPs hanno mostrato una bassa reattività in condizioni di stress verso la parete cellulare, a causa del trattamento con ceftobiprolo, dimostrandone il loro ruolo cruciale nella resistenza intrinseca alle cefalosporine di E. faecalis. Le indagini sui meccanismi genetici coinvolti nella resistenza alle cefalosporine e sulle alterazioni dei principali bersagli molecolari utilizzati dagli enterococchi per sovvertire l'affinità beta-lattamici/PBP sono indispensabili per prevenire e curare le infezioni potenzialmente letali. I nostri risultati hanno spostato il paradigma della resistenza alle cefalosporine negli enterococchi, dimostrando che la PBP4 è necessaria e sufficiente per la resistenza al ceftobiprolo. L'esposizione a tale molecola induce la cooperazione tra PBP di classe B, a bassa affinità, e almeno una (PonA/PBP1a) o due (PBPF/2a) PBPs bifunzionali di classe A. La PBP4 agisce di concerto con la PonA o la PBP2a per sintetizzare il peptidoglicano in presenza di concentrazioni di ceftobiprolo sufficienti ad inibire tutte le altre PBPs ad eccezione della PBP4.
Attività del ceftobiprole contro Enterococcus faecalis; sviluppo della resistenza, interazione con molteplici proteine leganti la penicillina a bassa reattività (PBPs) e alterazioni della PBP4
LAZZARO, LORENZO MATTIA
2023
Abstract
Penicillin-resistance among Enterococcus faecalis clinical isolates has been recently associated with overexpression or aminoacidic substitutions in low-affinity PBP4, as well as the rare mechanism of production of beta-lactamases. Ceftobiprole (BPR), a new-generation cephalosporin, is a therapeutic option against E. faecalis. pbp4 gene sequence alterations may influence the expression levels of the gene and ceftobiprole binding to PBP4 in E.faecalis clinical isolates showing remarkable multi-drug-resistance phenotype and how this could interfere with BPR in vitro antibacterial and bactericidal activity. I focused my research project on the study of the ceftobiprole activity, a new generation cephalosporin, against a selected sample of Enterococcus faecalis clinical isolates, belonging to different resistance phenotypes, and deepening the knowledge on the molecular factors influencing the decrease of susceptibility to this molecule. This project was faced by different but complementary approaches: phenotypic, molecular, and protein/enzymatic, the ability to produce beta-lactamases under antibiotic induction was further evaluated. Therefore, the main goals of this project were to: i) analyze the susceptibility profiles of a larger collection of E. faecalis clinical isolates belonging to severe infections, in order to select a sample of significative strains; ii) investigate the activity of diverse beta-lactams, focusing on the ceftobiprole in vitro antibacterial and bactericidal activity, by Time-kill curve assay; iii) analyze the pbp4 gene sequence and its expression levels) compare the pbp4 expression levels with the reduced susceptibility to beta-lactams and, specifically, ceftobiprole; v) study the interactions between ceftobiprole and high-molecular-mass (HMM) low-reactive PBPs, with a particular focus on PBP4, to look for a possible role of PBP4 alterations in influencing the binding to ceftobiprole. Here we found that benzyl-penicillin and 5th generation cephalosporins interact with PBP4 in similar ways. In PRAS/BPR-NS E. faecalis clinical isolates, the interaction between increased pbp4 gene expression, due to the delA in the upstream region consensus sequence, and the supposed remodeling of the penicillin-binding domain, due to alterations in the PBP4 amino acid sequence, influence their β-lactams and ceftobiprole susceptibility profiles, explicating an in vitro antibacterial effect, without affecting BPR cidal activity. Enhanced PBP4 expression did not alter the bactericidal activity of ceftobiprole but was only responsible for increased MIC values in PRAS/BPR-NS strains carrying delA in the regulatory promoter region. Alterations in the catalytic-site are not involved in the low-reactivity of PBP4, that is a common characteristic for all E. faecalis strains. Other PBPs showed low reactivity upon exposure to cell-wall stress, due to BPR-treatment, demonstrating their critical role in intrinsic cephalosporin resistance of E. faecalis. Investigations on the genetic mechanisms involved in cephalosporin resistance, and alterations of the main molecular targets used by enterococci to subvert beta-lactam/PBPs affinity, are imperative for preventing and treating life-threatening infections. Our results shift the paradigm for enterococcal cephalosporin resistance, by demonstrating that the PBP4 is necessary and sufficient for BPR resistance. Ceftobiprole exposure involves the cooperation between low-affinity class B PBP4 and at least one (PonA/PBP1a) or two (PBPF/2a) bifunctional class A PBPs. Class B low-affinity PBP4 acts in concert with either the PonA or PBP2a to synthesize peptidoglycan in presence of concentration of BPR sufficient to inhibit all the other PBPs except for the PBP4.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/75374
URN:NBN:IT:UNICT-75374