A comprehensive reading of the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights reveals the existence of a number of peculiarities concerning this Court in the field of international law. The aim of this research is therefore to understand what such peculiarities consists of. More specifically, the work seeks to answer questions about their nature and, secondly, their systemic implications. Methodologically, the theme of interpretation will be the paradigm by which to address the afore-mentioned issues. In the specific context of conventional law, indeed, the investigation of the hermeneutic rules developed and refined by the judicial body of the regional safeguard system established by the European Convention is of great interest: the interpretation of human rights and fundamental freedoms enshrined in the ECHR is at the core of both the judicial and advisory competences of the Strasbourg jurisdiction. Not only has its extraordinary hermeneutic activity resulted in a far-reaching political impact on the lives of millions of people in forty-six different countries, but it has also contributed to the introduction of an advanced and effective system of human rights protection and exerted transformative repercussions on domestic legal systems, to the extent that today it no longer represents something structurally foreign to the work carried out by national interpreters, and whose relevance is not strictly confined to the international level. Against this background, the present work seeks to shed light on the specific issues that the interpretation of the Convention is called upon to resolve and that, therefore, distinguish this operation from the hermeneutic exercise involving a classic international treaty. These problems depend first of all on the specificity of this covenant and, more precisely, on its nature, content, object and purpose. The exact framing of the Convention is therefore central to understanding all the complexity of the interpretative activity that the European Court of Human Rights is called upon to perform. Indeed, the outcome of that activity depends precisely on the effort to define those 'special features' that determine the specificity of the Convention text in the field of international law and that explain the wide degree of judicial discretion available to the interpreter. Having acquired these notions, the work goes on to examine the specific hermeneutic methodology developed by the Court and characterised by a tendency to oscillate between two opposite poles, namely deference and activism; the aim, in particular, is to frame some of the main hermeneutic tools that the Strasbourg Court uses in a unitary, coherent and rational operational policy that can give them meaning and a solid justification. The consideration of the 'legal and social ecosystem' in which the Court operates is thus intended to show what factors are driving a greater deference to states or, on the contrary, an evolutionary approach that broadens the scope of human rights. Ultimately, the work seeks to assess the national response to the Court's aforementioned innovative methodology, referring in particular to the so-called Interlaken Process; this consisted of a series of ministerial conferences convened since 2010 to increase the efficiency of the European Court and ensure its functioning in the future, and in the context of which Strasbourg's interpretative authority was challenged by a series of political Declarations that voiced harsh criticism and proposals for structural changes. An analysis of the most critical aspects and grey areas of this reform process is, moreover, a necessary prerequisite for understanding the Court's incredible work to emerge victorious from a hostile and adverse climate. Indeed, an in-depth assessment of some recent pronouncements and advisory opinions issued in application of Protocol 16 shows the Court's general tendency to interpret its function - and thus its nature - in a creative way.
La lettura complessiva della giurisprudenza della Corte europea dei diritti rivela l'esistenza di una serie di peculiarità di questa Corte nel campo del diritto internazionale. L'obiettivo di questa ricerca è quindi quello di capire in cosa consistano tali peculiarità. Più specificamente, il presente lavoro cerca di rispondere al quesito relativo alla loro natura e, in secondo luogo, al quello delle implicazioni sistemiche che ne discendono. Dal punto di vista metodologico, il tema dell'interpretazione sarà il paradigma attraverso cui affrontare le suddette questioni. Nel contesto specifico del diritto convenzionale, invero, l'indagine delle regole ermeneutiche sviluppate e affinate dall’organo giudiziario del sistema regionale di salvaguardia istituito dalla Convenzione europea è di grande interesse: l'interpretazione dei diritti umani e delle libertà fondamentali sanciti dalla CEDU è infatti al centro delle competenze sia giudiziaria che consultiva della giurisdizione di Strasburgo. Non solo la sua straordinaria attività ermeneutica si è tradotta in un impatto politico di vasta portata sulla vita di milioni di persone in quarantasei Paesi diversi, ma ha anche contribuito a introdurre un sistema avanzato ed efficace di tutela dei diritti umani e a esercitare ripercussioni trasformative sugli ordinamenti giuridici interni, al punto che oggi non rappresenta più qualcosa di strutturalmente estraneo all'attività svolta dagli interpreti nazionali, e la cui rilevanza non è strettamente confinata a livello internazionale. Su queste premesse, il presente lavoro intende far luce sulle questioni specifiche che l'interpretazione della Convenzione è chiamata a risolvere e che, quindi, distinguono tale operazione dall'esercizio ermeneutico che coinvolge un classico trattato internazionale. Si tratta di problemi che dipendono innanzitutto dalla specificità di questo patto e, più precisamente, dalla sua natura, contenuto, oggetto e finalità. L'esatto inquadramento della Convenzione è quindi centrale per comprendere tutta la complessità dell'attività interpretativa che la Corte europea dei diritti dell'uomo è chiamata a svolgere. Infatti, il risultato di tale attività dipende proprio dallo sforzo di definire quelle “caratteristiche speciali” che determinano la specificità del testo convenzionale nel campo del diritto internazionale e che spiegano un ampio grado di discrezionalità giudiziaria a disposizione dell'interprete. Acquisite tali nozioni, l'opera passa ad esaminare la specifica metodologia ermeneutica elaborata dalla Corte e caratterizzata dalla tendenza ad oscillare tra due poli opposti, ovvero la deferenza e l'attivismo; l’obiettivo, in particolare, è quello di inquadrare alcuni tra i principali strumenti ermeneutici di cui il giudice di Strasburgo si avvale in una politica operativa unitaria, coerente e razionale, che possa dare loro senso e una solida giustificazione. La considerazione dell'"ecosistema giuridico e sociale" in cui opera la Corte intende quindi mostrare quali sono i fattori che spingono a una maggiore deferenza nei confronti degli Stati o, all'opposto, a un approccio evolutivo che amplia la portata dei diritti umani. In ultima analisi, il lavoro intende valutare la risposta nazionale alla suddetta metodologia innovativa della Corte, facendo riferimento in particolare al cosiddetto Processo di Interlaken; questo è consistito in una serie di conferenze ministeriali convocate a partire dal 2010 per aumentare l'efficienza della Corte europea e garantirne il funzionamento in futuro, e nel cui contesto l'autorità interpretativa di Strasburgo è stata messa in discussione da una serie di Dichiarazioni politiche. Infine, una valutazione approfondita di alcune recenti pronunce e dei pareri consultivi emessi in applicazione del Protocollo 16 mostra la generale tendenza della Corte a interpretare la propria funzione in modo creativo e dinamico, riuscendo a rafforzare la propria autorità.
BETWEEN DEFERENCE AND ACTIVISM: THE ECtHR AS A COURT ON STATES OR A COURT ON RIGHTS? EXPLORING THE ECtHR INTERPRETATIVE TOOLS
PIROLA, FRANCESCA
2023
Abstract
A comprehensive reading of the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights reveals the existence of a number of peculiarities concerning this Court in the field of international law. The aim of this research is therefore to understand what such peculiarities consists of. More specifically, the work seeks to answer questions about their nature and, secondly, their systemic implications. Methodologically, the theme of interpretation will be the paradigm by which to address the afore-mentioned issues. In the specific context of conventional law, indeed, the investigation of the hermeneutic rules developed and refined by the judicial body of the regional safeguard system established by the European Convention is of great interest: the interpretation of human rights and fundamental freedoms enshrined in the ECHR is at the core of both the judicial and advisory competences of the Strasbourg jurisdiction. Not only has its extraordinary hermeneutic activity resulted in a far-reaching political impact on the lives of millions of people in forty-six different countries, but it has also contributed to the introduction of an advanced and effective system of human rights protection and exerted transformative repercussions on domestic legal systems, to the extent that today it no longer represents something structurally foreign to the work carried out by national interpreters, and whose relevance is not strictly confined to the international level. Against this background, the present work seeks to shed light on the specific issues that the interpretation of the Convention is called upon to resolve and that, therefore, distinguish this operation from the hermeneutic exercise involving a classic international treaty. These problems depend first of all on the specificity of this covenant and, more precisely, on its nature, content, object and purpose. The exact framing of the Convention is therefore central to understanding all the complexity of the interpretative activity that the European Court of Human Rights is called upon to perform. Indeed, the outcome of that activity depends precisely on the effort to define those 'special features' that determine the specificity of the Convention text in the field of international law and that explain the wide degree of judicial discretion available to the interpreter. Having acquired these notions, the work goes on to examine the specific hermeneutic methodology developed by the Court and characterised by a tendency to oscillate between two opposite poles, namely deference and activism; the aim, in particular, is to frame some of the main hermeneutic tools that the Strasbourg Court uses in a unitary, coherent and rational operational policy that can give them meaning and a solid justification. The consideration of the 'legal and social ecosystem' in which the Court operates is thus intended to show what factors are driving a greater deference to states or, on the contrary, an evolutionary approach that broadens the scope of human rights. Ultimately, the work seeks to assess the national response to the Court's aforementioned innovative methodology, referring in particular to the so-called Interlaken Process; this consisted of a series of ministerial conferences convened since 2010 to increase the efficiency of the European Court and ensure its functioning in the future, and in the context of which Strasbourg's interpretative authority was challenged by a series of political Declarations that voiced harsh criticism and proposals for structural changes. An analysis of the most critical aspects and grey areas of this reform process is, moreover, a necessary prerequisite for understanding the Court's incredible work to emerge victorious from a hostile and adverse climate. Indeed, an in-depth assessment of some recent pronouncements and advisory opinions issued in application of Protocol 16 shows the Court's general tendency to interpret its function - and thus its nature - in a creative way.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/75508
URN:NBN:IT:UNIMIB-75508