Innate immune myeloid cells sense the presence of microbes or microbial products through pattern recognition receptors. Among these, Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are the best-characterized. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), together with CD14 and MD-2, forms the multi-receptor complex for the Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), the major component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. CD14 concentrates the LPS signal and mediates the relocation of TLR4 and MD-2 to the endosome. After acute LPS exposure, CD14, independently of TLR4, activates the NFAT signalling pathway through src family kinase and PLCγ2 activation that leads to a rapid Ca2+ influx and Calcineurin activation. This function of CD14 is cell type specific, being active in dendritic cells (DCs) and not in macrophages. In the present work, we investigated the mechanism of CD14-mediated Ca2+ mobilization in DCs and we proposed an explanation for the lack of CD14/NFAT pathway activation in macrophages in response to LPS. We revealed that, both in mouse DCs and in a newly discovered human CD14+ DC subpopulation, IP3 receptor 3 (IP3R3) is expressed not only in the intracellular compartments such as endoplasmic reticulum (ER) but also at the plasma membrane (PM) and interestingly, it colocalizes with CD14 in lipid rafts. We found that, Ca2+ mobilization in LPS-stimulated DCs is due to a direct Ca2+ influx from the extracellular space, that relies on IP3R3 and requires IP4 rather than IP3 as second messenger. Indeed, the silencing of IP3R3 or the inhibition of ITPKB, the kinase implicated in the IP3 to IP4 conversion, abolishes Ca2+ entry and NFAT activation. Conforming to our in vitro results, the inhibition of ITPKB in vivo, prevents the activation of NFAT thus reducing vascular permeability, which depends on NFAT activation in DCs. Differently from DCs, although IP3R3 is expressed at the PM of macrophages it shows a low level of colocalization with CD14. Besides, upon LPS stimulation, CD14 internalization occurs more rapidly in macrophages compared to DCs. These reasons explain at least in part the absence of CD14/NFAT pathway activation in macrophages in response to LPS. Taken together, our results indicate that the mechanism of Ca2+ mobilization triggered by CD14 requires the activation of ITPKB and the production of IP4 as second messenger, which, in turn, opens IP3R3 at the PM inducing a monophasic Ca2+ influx that leads to the activation of the NFAT pathway. Finally, our data suggest that ITPKB could be considered as a new target for anti-inflammatory therapies aimed at inhibiting specific DC functions.
Le cellule mieloidi del sistema immunitario innato sono in grado di riconoscere microbi o prodotti microbici attraverso recettori per i profili molecolari (PRRs, pattern recognition receptors). Tra questi, i recettori Toll-like (TLRs, Toll-like receptors) sono quelli più estensivamente caratterizzati. Il TLR4, insieme alle proteine CD14 e MD-2, forma il complesso multi-recettoriale che riconosce il Lipopolisaccaride (LPS), principale componente della membrana esterna dei batteri Gram-negativi. Il CD14 concentra il segnale dell’LPS e media la rilocalizzazione di TLR4 e MD-2 all’interno dell’endosoma. In seguito ad un’esposizione acuta ad LPS, il CD14, indipendentemente dal TLR4, attiva la via di trasduzione del segnale di NFAT attraverso chinasi della famiglia src e l’attivazione della PLCγ2 che portano ad un rapido ingresso di Ca2+ e all’attivazione della proteina calcineurina. Questa funzione del CD14 è cellula-specifica, essendo attiva nelle cellule dendritiche (DCs, dendritic cells) e non nei macrofagi. In questo lavoro abbiamo studiato il meccanismo di mobilizzazione del Ca2+ nelle DCs e abbiamo proposto una spiegazione per la mancata attivazione della via di trasduzione del segnale di CD14/NFAT nei macrofagi in risposta all’LPS. È stato dimostrato che, sia in DCs murine che in una sottopopolazione di DCs umane CD14+ recentemente descritta, il recettore di tipo 3 dell’IP3 (IP3R3) è espresso non soltanto in compartimenti intracellulari, quali il reticolo endoplasmatico (ER, endoplasmic reticulum) ma anche a livello della membrana plasmatica (PM, plasma membrane) e, in modo interessante, colocalizza con il CD14 nelle zattere lipidiche (lipid rafts). È stato riscontrato che, la mobilizzazione del Ca2+ nelle DCs stimolate con l’LPS è dovuto ad un flusso diretto di Ca2+ dallo spazio extracellulare che dipende dall’IP3R3 e richiede l’IP4, piuttosto che l’IP3, come secondo messaggero. Infatti, il silenziamento dell’IP3R3 o l’inibizione dell’ITPKB, la chinasi che converte l’IP3 in IP4, abolisce l’entrata di Ca2+ e l’attivazione di NFAT. In accordo con tali dati in vitro, l’inibizione dell’ITPKB in vivo, previene l’attivazione di NFAT, riducendo pertanto la permeabilità vascolare, che dipende dall’attivazione di NFAT nelle DCs. Diversamente dalle DCs, sebbene l’IP3R3 sia espresso a livello della PM dei macrofagi, presenta un minor livello di colocalizzazione con il CD14. Inoltre, in seguito ad una stimolazione con l’LPS, l’internalizzazione del CD14 avviene più rapidamente nei macrofagi rispetto a quanto avviene nelle DCs. Questi dati possono in parte spiegare il motivo della mancata attivazione della via di trasduzione del segnale di CD14/NFAT nei macrofagi in risposta all’LPS. Complessivamente, questi dati indicano che il meccanismo di mobilizzazione del Ca2+ innescato dal CD14 richiede l’attivazione dell’ITPKB e la produzione dell’IP4 come secondo messaggero, il quale, in seguito, apre l’IP3R3 a livello della PM, inducendo un flusso monofasico di Ca2+ che porta all’attivazione della cascata di trasduzione del segnale di NFAT. Infine, questi dati suggeriscono che l’ITPKB potrebbe essere presa in considerazione come nuovo bersaglio molecolare per terapie anti-infiammatorie volte a inibire funzioni specifiche delle DCs.
LPS-dependent NFAT activation in dendritic cells is regulated by IP4-mediated calcium entry through plasma membrane IP3R3
CORLIANO', VALERIA
2018
Abstract
Innate immune myeloid cells sense the presence of microbes or microbial products through pattern recognition receptors. Among these, Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are the best-characterized. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), together with CD14 and MD-2, forms the multi-receptor complex for the Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), the major component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. CD14 concentrates the LPS signal and mediates the relocation of TLR4 and MD-2 to the endosome. After acute LPS exposure, CD14, independently of TLR4, activates the NFAT signalling pathway through src family kinase and PLCγ2 activation that leads to a rapid Ca2+ influx and Calcineurin activation. This function of CD14 is cell type specific, being active in dendritic cells (DCs) and not in macrophages. In the present work, we investigated the mechanism of CD14-mediated Ca2+ mobilization in DCs and we proposed an explanation for the lack of CD14/NFAT pathway activation in macrophages in response to LPS. We revealed that, both in mouse DCs and in a newly discovered human CD14+ DC subpopulation, IP3 receptor 3 (IP3R3) is expressed not only in the intracellular compartments such as endoplasmic reticulum (ER) but also at the plasma membrane (PM) and interestingly, it colocalizes with CD14 in lipid rafts. We found that, Ca2+ mobilization in LPS-stimulated DCs is due to a direct Ca2+ influx from the extracellular space, that relies on IP3R3 and requires IP4 rather than IP3 as second messenger. Indeed, the silencing of IP3R3 or the inhibition of ITPKB, the kinase implicated in the IP3 to IP4 conversion, abolishes Ca2+ entry and NFAT activation. Conforming to our in vitro results, the inhibition of ITPKB in vivo, prevents the activation of NFAT thus reducing vascular permeability, which depends on NFAT activation in DCs. Differently from DCs, although IP3R3 is expressed at the PM of macrophages it shows a low level of colocalization with CD14. Besides, upon LPS stimulation, CD14 internalization occurs more rapidly in macrophages compared to DCs. These reasons explain at least in part the absence of CD14/NFAT pathway activation in macrophages in response to LPS. Taken together, our results indicate that the mechanism of Ca2+ mobilization triggered by CD14 requires the activation of ITPKB and the production of IP4 as second messenger, which, in turn, opens IP3R3 at the PM inducing a monophasic Ca2+ influx that leads to the activation of the NFAT pathway. Finally, our data suggest that ITPKB could be considered as a new target for anti-inflammatory therapies aimed at inhibiting specific DC functions.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/76626
URN:NBN:IT:UNIMIB-76626