Processed cheese (PC) is a dairy product with multiple end-use applications, where emulsifying salts play a fundamental role in physicochemical changes during production. Moreover, some of these salts may be a strategy to control spoilage and pathogenic microorganisms, contributing to safety and shelf-life extension. In the construction of this thesis, four steps were employed to assess the antimicrobial activity of different emulsifying salts. (i) In the first step, the inhibitory activity of a commercial polyphosphate (JOHA® HBS, at different concentrations, from 0.2% to 3.0%) was tested in vitro against 21 bacterial strains by streak assay, agar-spot method, spot-on-the-lawn and well-diffusion method. Different culture medium (Brain Heart Infusion Broth, Nutrient, Plate Count, Trypticase Soy), either in liquid or solid form, were used. In all the protocols performed, the solid culture medium (Nutrient agar) was more effective for the inhibition of the target bacteria; results of the streak assay showed that 11 out the 21 tested strains were highly inhibited at 0.5% of JOHA® HBS. (ii) In this step, we selected Bacillus thuringiensis CFBP 3476 and Clostridium perfringens ATCC 13124 to access the in situ inhibitory activity of two emulsifying salts (ESSP = short polyP and BSLP = long polyP). PC samples were produced through laboratory-scale and pilot-scale, inoculated and analyzed until 45 days of storage at 6 ± 2 ºC. C. perfringens ATCC 13124 growth was not affected (p > 0.05), but both of the treatments reduced B. thuringiensis CFBP 4376 counts in the tested conditions (p < 0.05); a higher and faster reduction in samples produced by the laboratory-scale method was obtained. (iii) In the third step, a total of 14 treatments (T1-T14) composed by mixtures of emulsifying salts (ESSP, BSLP and trisodium citrate) and antimicrobial additives (nisin and potassium sorbate) were evaluated against eight target strains. PC samples were produced through laboratory-scale, inoculated and analyzed until 90 days of storage at 6 ± 2 ºC. Most treatments resulted in some level of bactericidal or bacteriostatic effect against the target microorganisms. Bactericidal activity was evident against Bacillus spp., and bacteriostatic effect was clear against C. perfringens ATCC 13124, Enterococcus faecalis FAIR-E 179, Listeria monocytogenes Scott A and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 (p < 0.05) during the storage period. The treatments in which BSLP was applied alone showed greater inhibitory activity; that is, equal concentrations of BSLP result in less bacterial inhibition when in the presence of ESSP. (iv) In the last step, the bacteriostatic effect of six emulsifying salts, containing different concentrations of phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5), was investigated in PC samples deliberately contaminated with B. cereus spores. Also, the influence of PC processing methods (pasteurization and creaming), storage temperature (6 and 30 ºC) and storage time (until 120 days) were evaluated. Results showed that lower storage temperature and emulsifying salts significantly influenced bacterial growth. In addition, the creaming process and the P2O5 content enhanced the inhibitory effect of emulsifying salts; PC treated with the highest concentration of P2O5, the lowest average value of both vegetative cells and spore was detected. Finally, the four steps of this study reveals that: (i) Nutrient medium and agar- based tests are required to properly test the inhibitory activity of polyphosphates; (ii) the inhibitory effect of emulsifying salts against B. thuringiensis in PC obtained by two different methods was confirmed; (iii) the composition of emulsifying salts significantly influences bacterial inhibition and the phosphate interactions may infer such activity and; (iv) the creaming process and the P2O5 content can improve the inhibitory effect of emulsifying salts on B. cereus vegetative and spore growth in PC. Taken together, the results contribute to expanding the understanding of emulsifying salt application in PC, with a focus on microbiological safety and shelf-life. However, more detailed studies are needed to determine the specific emulsifying salt composition and the relation of P2O5 content responsible for bacterial inhibition.
Il formaggio fuso (FF) è un prodotto lattiero-caseario dalle molteplici applicazioni, in cui i sali emulsionanti aggiunti svolgono un ruolo fondamentale sui cambiamenti fisico- chimici che avvengono durante il processo produttivo. Inoltre, alcuni di questi sali possono rappresentare una promettente strategia di controllo dei microrganismi patogeni e deterioranti, contribuendo alla sicurezza e all'estensione della shelf-life del prodotto finale. Il disegno sperimentale della presente tesi ha previsto l’impiego di quattro fasi per valutare l'attività antimicrobica di diversi sali emulsionanti. (i) Nella prima fase, l'attività inibitoria di un polifosfato commerciale (JOHA® HBS, a diverse concentrazioni, dallo 0.2% al 3.0%) è stata testata in vitro contro 21 ceppi batterici mediante differenti metodi, quali striscio su piastra, agar-spot, spot-on-the-lawn e metodo well-diffusion. Sono stati utilizzati diversi terreni di coltura (Brain Heart Infusion Broth, Nutrient, Plate Count, Trypticase Soy), sia in forma liquida sia in forma solida. In tutti i protocolli eseguiti, il terreno di coltura solido (Nutrient agar) è risultato il più efficace nell'inibizione dei batteri bersaglio; I risultati del test di striscio hanno mostrato che 11 dei 21 ceppi testati sono stati altamente inibiti dallo 0.5% di JOHA® HBS. (ii) In questa fase, per valutare l’attività inibitoria in situ di due sali emulsionanti (ESSP = short polyP e BSLP = long polyP), sono stati selezionati due ceppi target quali, Bacillus thuringiensis CFBP 3476 e Clostridium perfringens ATCC 13124, che sono stati inoculati nei campioni sperimentali. In dettaglio, campioni di FF, prodotti su scala di laboratorio e su scala pilota, sono stati inoculati e analizzati fino a 45 giorni di conservazione a 6 ± 2 ºC. I risultati hanno mostrato che la crescita di C. perfringens ATCC 13124 non è stata influenzata (p > 0.05) da nessuna delle variabili considerate, ma entrambi i trattamenti hanno ridotto le conte di B. thuringiensis CFBP 4376 nelle condizioni testate (p < 0.05) ed è stata ottenuta una riduzione maggiore e più rapida nei campioni prodotti con il metodo su scala di laboratorio. (iii) Nella terza fase, un totale di 14 trattamenti (T1-T14), costituiti da miscele di sali emulsionanti (ESSP, BSLP e citrato trisodico) e additivi antimicrobici (nisina e sorbato di potassio) differenti, sono stati valutati contro otto ceppi target. I campioni di FF sono stati prodotti su scala di laboratorio, inoculati e analizzati fino a 90 giorni di conservazione a 6 ± 2 ºC. I risultati ottenuti hanno mostrato che la maggior parte dei trattamenti ha prodotto un effetto battericida e/o batteriostatico contro i microrganismi bersaglio. L'attività battericida è stata più evidente contro Bacillus spp., mentre l'effetto batteriostatico nei confronti di C. perfringens ATCC 13124, Enterococcus faecalis FAIR-E 179, Listeria monocytogenes Scott A e Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 (p < 0,05) durante il periodo di conservazione analizzato. I trattamenti in cui il BSLP è stato applicato da solo hanno mostrato una maggiore attività inibitoria, mettendo in evidenza che la presenza di ESSP, influenza l’attività inibitoria di BSLP, riducendola. (iv) Nell'ultima fase, è stato studiato l'effetto batteriostatico di sei sali emulsionanti, contenenti diverse concentrazioni di pentossido di fosforo (P2O5), in campioni di FF deliberatamente contaminati da spore di B. cereus. È stata, inoltre, valutata l'influenza dei metodi di lavorazione del FF (pastorizzazione e scrematura), della temperatura di conservazione (6 e 30 ºC) e del tempo di conservazione (fino a 120 giorni). I risultati hanno mostrato che la temperatura di conservazione più bassa e i sali emulsionanti hanno influenzato significativamente la crescita batterica. Inoltre, il processo di creaming e il contenuto di P2O5 hanno potenziato l'effetto inibitorio dei sali emulsionanti. Infatti, il FF trattato con la concentrazione più alta di P2O5 ha fatto registrare il valore medio più basso sia di cellule vegetative, sia di spore. In definitiva, le quattro fasi di questo studio hanno rilevato: (i) l’efficacia maggiore del terreno Nutrient, preferibilmente agarizzato, per testare correttamente l'attività inibitoria dei polifosfati; (ii) l'effetto inibitorio dei sali emulsionanti contro B. thuringiensis in FF ottenuti con entrambi i metodi utilizzati; (iii) l’influenza della composizione dei sali emulsionanti sull'inibizione batterica e sulle interazioni con i fosfati; (iv) l’aumento dell'effetto inibitorio sulla crescita vegetativa e delle spore di B. cereus dei sali emulsionanti nel FF sottoposti a processo di scrematura e sulla base del contenuto di P2O5. Nel complesso, i risultati ottenuti contribuiscono ad ampliare la comprensione dell'applicazione dei sali emulsionanti nei FF, con particolare attenzione alla sicurezza microbiologica e alla shelf-life. Tuttavia, sono necessari studi più approfonditi per determinare la composizione specifica del sale emulsionante e il suo rapporto con il contenuto di P2O5, responsabile dell'inibizione batterica.
Nuove conoscenze sull'attività antibatterica dei sali emulsionanti utilizzati nei formaggi fusi: dall'applicazione in vitro a quella in situ.
Fusieger, Andressa
2023
Abstract
Processed cheese (PC) is a dairy product with multiple end-use applications, where emulsifying salts play a fundamental role in physicochemical changes during production. Moreover, some of these salts may be a strategy to control spoilage and pathogenic microorganisms, contributing to safety and shelf-life extension. In the construction of this thesis, four steps were employed to assess the antimicrobial activity of different emulsifying salts. (i) In the first step, the inhibitory activity of a commercial polyphosphate (JOHA® HBS, at different concentrations, from 0.2% to 3.0%) was tested in vitro against 21 bacterial strains by streak assay, agar-spot method, spot-on-the-lawn and well-diffusion method. Different culture medium (Brain Heart Infusion Broth, Nutrient, Plate Count, Trypticase Soy), either in liquid or solid form, were used. In all the protocols performed, the solid culture medium (Nutrient agar) was more effective for the inhibition of the target bacteria; results of the streak assay showed that 11 out the 21 tested strains were highly inhibited at 0.5% of JOHA® HBS. (ii) In this step, we selected Bacillus thuringiensis CFBP 3476 and Clostridium perfringens ATCC 13124 to access the in situ inhibitory activity of two emulsifying salts (ESSP = short polyP and BSLP = long polyP). PC samples were produced through laboratory-scale and pilot-scale, inoculated and analyzed until 45 days of storage at 6 ± 2 ºC. C. perfringens ATCC 13124 growth was not affected (p > 0.05), but both of the treatments reduced B. thuringiensis CFBP 4376 counts in the tested conditions (p < 0.05); a higher and faster reduction in samples produced by the laboratory-scale method was obtained. (iii) In the third step, a total of 14 treatments (T1-T14) composed by mixtures of emulsifying salts (ESSP, BSLP and trisodium citrate) and antimicrobial additives (nisin and potassium sorbate) were evaluated against eight target strains. PC samples were produced through laboratory-scale, inoculated and analyzed until 90 days of storage at 6 ± 2 ºC. Most treatments resulted in some level of bactericidal or bacteriostatic effect against the target microorganisms. Bactericidal activity was evident against Bacillus spp., and bacteriostatic effect was clear against C. perfringens ATCC 13124, Enterococcus faecalis FAIR-E 179, Listeria monocytogenes Scott A and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 (p < 0.05) during the storage period. The treatments in which BSLP was applied alone showed greater inhibitory activity; that is, equal concentrations of BSLP result in less bacterial inhibition when in the presence of ESSP. (iv) In the last step, the bacteriostatic effect of six emulsifying salts, containing different concentrations of phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5), was investigated in PC samples deliberately contaminated with B. cereus spores. Also, the influence of PC processing methods (pasteurization and creaming), storage temperature (6 and 30 ºC) and storage time (until 120 days) were evaluated. Results showed that lower storage temperature and emulsifying salts significantly influenced bacterial growth. In addition, the creaming process and the P2O5 content enhanced the inhibitory effect of emulsifying salts; PC treated with the highest concentration of P2O5, the lowest average value of both vegetative cells and spore was detected. Finally, the four steps of this study reveals that: (i) Nutrient medium and agar- based tests are required to properly test the inhibitory activity of polyphosphates; (ii) the inhibitory effect of emulsifying salts against B. thuringiensis in PC obtained by two different methods was confirmed; (iii) the composition of emulsifying salts significantly influences bacterial inhibition and the phosphate interactions may infer such activity and; (iv) the creaming process and the P2O5 content can improve the inhibitory effect of emulsifying salts on B. cereus vegetative and spore growth in PC. Taken together, the results contribute to expanding the understanding of emulsifying salt application in PC, with a focus on microbiological safety and shelf-life. However, more detailed studies are needed to determine the specific emulsifying salt composition and the relation of P2O5 content responsible for bacterial inhibition.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/77161
URN:NBN:IT:UNICT-77161