Guinea-Bissau has been an independent state since 1974, when the liberation war led by the PAIGC (African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde) against the Portuguese colonial rule ended. The purpose of this study is to investigate what changes occurred among the fula of Gabù (a region north-east of the country) during and after the war, in terms of forms of social organization, focusing on the variables of the concept of freedom through the analysis of the memory around the war event. More specifically, this research aims to show how the liberation struggle and the war have hit the notions of freedom and slavery among the fulas of Gabù. To this end, I have made constant reference to the two main intraethnic social categories of the fula, the rimbe (free born) and the jiyaabe (descendants of slaves), and to the specif forms of reciprocal relationship throughout history. The forms in which these subjectivities relate to each other rather than actual changes in status or fula social formation have been the main impact of the war of liberation. A first impact of the liberation war for the fulas of Gabu was that of having passed from a privileged position, as a social group favored by the Europeans, to being marginalized by the new post-independence political order. The process of marginalization was witnessed mainly by a part of the fula, the rimbe, who felt they had been defrauded of their traditional powers and persecuted at the end of the war by the PAIGC The rimbe attributed to the lack of authority a general fragmentation of the fula group in the national context. The jiyaabe feel instead of having freed themselves from the injustices and atrocities of the colonial system. A second impact emerged analyzing the different ideas of freedom and liberation among the fula, the red thread of this research: the liberation from the Portuguese colonial yoke; the greater degree of freedom obtained by the descendants of slaves, the ideological influences of the independentist party on such concepts within the context of the revolutionary struggle. The fula semantics of freedom includes a rich terminology that begins with the term dimo (singular of rimbe), which means free by birth, noble, pure. At this level, only those born free can have freedom. The more transverse term hettaare with which they translate liberdade, refers to the socio-economic well-being, to happiness, to the lack of worries. This form of freedom, with the independence and the egalitarian ideology of the party, has become accessible to all and regardless of genealogical restrictions. The main supporters of the liberation war were the jiyaabe who were able to improve their socio-economic position within the party. Although the latter have had access to a greater degree of freedom, they can not yet be considered free in an absolute sense, because that freedom is the prerogative of the rimbe. Investigating the ways in which freedom has been perceived by the research subjects before and after independence has been found, notwithstanding significant changes in the etiquette of intra-ethnic relations between free and slave descendants, such as the fact that it has become inadequate to define a slave as someone in public, on an implicit level and in the intimacy of the subjects these distinctions still enjoy excellent health and are the cornerstone of the fula identity.
La Guinea-Bissau è uno Stato indipendente dal 1974, quando la guerra di liberazione guidata dal PAIGC (Partito africano per l'indipendenza della Guinea e Capo Verde) contro il regime coloniale portoghese terminò. Lo scopo di questo studio è indagare su quali cambiamenti siano avvenuti tra i fula di Gabù (una regione a nord-est del Paese) durante e dopo la guerra, in termini di forme di organizzazione sociale, concentrandomi sulle variabili del concetto di libertà attraverso l’analisi della memoria attorno all’evento bellico. Più in particolare, questa ricerca mira a mostrare come la lotta di liberazione e la guerra abbiano colpito le nozioni di libertà e schiavitù tra i fula di Gabù. A tal fine, ho fatto costante riferimento alle due principali categorie sociali intraetniche dei fula, i rimbe (nati liberi) e i jiyaabe (discendenti di schiavi), e alle reciproche modalità relazionali nel corso della storia. A subire l’impatto maggiore della guerra di liberazione sono state proprio le forme in cui queste soggettività si relazionano tra di loro piuttosto che effettivi cambiamenti di status o della formazione sociale fula. Un primo impatto della guerra di liberazione per i fula di Gabù è stato quello di essere passati da una posizione privilegiata, in quanto gruppo sociale prediletto dagli europei, a essere marginalizzati dal nuovo ordine politico post-indipendenza. Il processo di marginalizzazione è stato testimoniato principalmente da una parte dei fula, i rimbe, i quali hanno sentito di essere stati defraudati dei loro poteri tradizionali e perseguitati alla fine della guerra da parte del PAIGC. I rimbe hanno attribuito alla mancanza di autorità una generale fragilizzazione del gruppo fula nel contesto nazionale. I jiyaabe sentono invece di essersi liberati dalle ingiustizie e dalle atrocità del sistema coloniale. Un secondo impatto è emerso analizzando le diverse idee di libertà e liberazione presso i fula, il filo rosso di questa ricerca: la liberazione dal giogo coloniale portoghese; il maggiore grado di libertà ottenuto dai discendenti di schiavi, le influenze ideologiche del partito indipendentista su tali concetti all’interno del contesto della lotta rivoluzionaria. La semantica della libertà fula comprende una ricca terminologia che inizia con il termine dimo (singolare di rimbe), che significa libero per nascita, nobile, puro. A questo livello, solo i nati liberi possono avere libertà. Il termine più trasversale hettaare con cui traducono liberdade, si riferisce al benessere socioeconomico, alla felicità, alla mancanza di preoccupazioni. Questa forma di libertà, con l’indipendenza e l’ideologia egualitaria del partito, è diventata accessibile a tutti e prescinde da restrizioni genealogiche. I principali sostenitori della guerra sono stati i jiyaabe i quali hanno potuto migliorare la loro posizione socio-economica in seno al partito. Sebbene però questi ultimi abbiano avuto accesso a un maggior grado di libertà, non possono ancora ritenersi liberi in senso assoluto, perché quella libertà è prerogativa dei rimbe. Investigando sui modi con cui la libertà è stata percepita dai soggetti della ricerca prima e dopo l’indipendenza è risultato che nonostante notevoli modificazioni nell'etichetta delle relazioni intraetniche tra nati liberi e discendenti di schiavi, come il fatto che sia diventato inadeguato definire schiavo qualcuno in pubblico, a livello implicito e nell'intimità dei soggetti queste distinzioni godono ancora di ottima salute e rappresentano il cardine dell'identità fula.
I fula di Gabu e la guerra di liberazione guineense
TORO MATUK, VIVIANA LUZ
2018
Abstract
Guinea-Bissau has been an independent state since 1974, when the liberation war led by the PAIGC (African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde) against the Portuguese colonial rule ended. The purpose of this study is to investigate what changes occurred among the fula of Gabù (a region north-east of the country) during and after the war, in terms of forms of social organization, focusing on the variables of the concept of freedom through the analysis of the memory around the war event. More specifically, this research aims to show how the liberation struggle and the war have hit the notions of freedom and slavery among the fulas of Gabù. To this end, I have made constant reference to the two main intraethnic social categories of the fula, the rimbe (free born) and the jiyaabe (descendants of slaves), and to the specif forms of reciprocal relationship throughout history. The forms in which these subjectivities relate to each other rather than actual changes in status or fula social formation have been the main impact of the war of liberation. A first impact of the liberation war for the fulas of Gabu was that of having passed from a privileged position, as a social group favored by the Europeans, to being marginalized by the new post-independence political order. The process of marginalization was witnessed mainly by a part of the fula, the rimbe, who felt they had been defrauded of their traditional powers and persecuted at the end of the war by the PAIGC The rimbe attributed to the lack of authority a general fragmentation of the fula group in the national context. The jiyaabe feel instead of having freed themselves from the injustices and atrocities of the colonial system. A second impact emerged analyzing the different ideas of freedom and liberation among the fula, the red thread of this research: the liberation from the Portuguese colonial yoke; the greater degree of freedom obtained by the descendants of slaves, the ideological influences of the independentist party on such concepts within the context of the revolutionary struggle. The fula semantics of freedom includes a rich terminology that begins with the term dimo (singular of rimbe), which means free by birth, noble, pure. At this level, only those born free can have freedom. The more transverse term hettaare with which they translate liberdade, refers to the socio-economic well-being, to happiness, to the lack of worries. This form of freedom, with the independence and the egalitarian ideology of the party, has become accessible to all and regardless of genealogical restrictions. The main supporters of the liberation war were the jiyaabe who were able to improve their socio-economic position within the party. Although the latter have had access to a greater degree of freedom, they can not yet be considered free in an absolute sense, because that freedom is the prerogative of the rimbe. Investigating the ways in which freedom has been perceived by the research subjects before and after independence has been found, notwithstanding significant changes in the etiquette of intra-ethnic relations between free and slave descendants, such as the fact that it has become inadequate to define a slave as someone in public, on an implicit level and in the intimacy of the subjects these distinctions still enjoy excellent health and are the cornerstone of the fula identity.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/77163
URN:NBN:IT:UNIMIB-77163