In view of the possible interest of selected cholinergic precursors to counter cholinergic deficits typical of several neurological diseases, the first session of present study was designed to evaluate the effects of treatment for 24h with acetylcholine and the cholinergic precursors choline, CDP-choline and choline alphoscerate on TG-2 expression and pattern in primary cultures of rat astrocytes at 14, 21 and 35 days in vitro (DIV). In addition, because alpha-lipoic acid plays a pivotal role as antioxidant and metabolic component of some enzymatic complexes involved in glucose metabolism of different cell types, the second session of our research was focused to evaluate the effect of (+)lipoic acid or (+/-)lipoic acid and /or 10 mM alpha-GPC for 24h treatment on astroglial cell cultures. The aim of the third session of our research was devoted to evidence the interactions between the competence growth factor bFGF and/or estrogen 17-beta-estradiol and the progression growth factors (EGF or IGF-I or INS) on DNA labeling and on proliferation and differentiation activity of primary astroglial cell cultures under different experimental conditions. Finally, the last session of the research project was focused to evaluate the antioxidant effects of LA combined with BTZ on NB cell lines. In particular, we focused our attention on HO-1 modulation, on gene HMOX-1, as well as on chaperons BIP1, Ire1, Ero1 and PD1, attivated by cell in order to counteract ER stress response. Concerning the results obtained in our astroglial cell cultures treated with alpha-lipoic acid or alpha-GPC alone or both in combination, is particularly important to underline that the addition of single drugs (alpha-lipoic acid or alpha-GPC) induced an up modulation of the expression of biomarkers used in our study. On the contrary, the co-treatment with both alpha-lipoic acid+alpha-GPC showed not significant modification or a down regulation of the above mentioned biomarkers (GFAP, vimentin, cyclin D1, O.D.C. and MAP-kinases). It is necessary further study to clarify the specific mechanism evoked by the processing of these neuroprotective agents in our in vitro models. Regarding the effect of LA in the mechanisms of resistance to bortezomib (BTZ) in neuroblastoma cells, our data indicate that LA, in combination with BTZ, acts as chemical chaperone reducing the stress response induced by proteasome inhibition. Under our experimental conditions, HO-1 upregulation was observed following BTZ treatment on all tested NB cell lines, suggesting a protective role against BTZ-induced ROS. Concomitantly to HO-1 upregulation we showed a significant induction of ER-stress. In our experimental model, we did not observe activation of autophagy-related proteins in NB cells treated with BTZ, thus we supposed that in this contest autophagy is activated to promote cell survival. In order to demonstrate the implications of LA in cell resistance to BTZ cytotoxic effect, we co-treated NB cells with LA 100 microM. Our data shown an increase of viability in all NB cell lines treated with both BTZ and LA. Compared to NB cells treated with BTZ alone, the co-treatment with LA induced a down regulation of HO-1 and ER-stress. In addition, we observed a significantly increase of autophagy following treatment both with combination of BTZ and LA. Furthermore, LA is able to increase autophagy in NB cells alone compared to BTZ treatment. In conclusion, the mechanisms of cytoprotection of LA against NB cells treated with BTZ seem to be complex. Our hypothesis is that antioxidant properties of LA under our experimental conditions is not due to upregulation or enzimatic activity of HO-1 in response to stress induction by BTZ rather its nuclear localization. All these data demonstrated that LA protects NB cells by stress and damage induced by BTZ since reduces ER-stress and activates autophagy as mechanism of cell survivial.
La prima sessione del presente studio è stata finalizzata a valutare gli effetti del trattamento per 24h con l'acetilcolina ed altri precursori colinergici come CDP-colina, colina alphoscerato sull’espressione di alcuni markers in colture primarie di astrociti di ratto a 14, 21 e 35 giorni in vitro (DIV). Inoltre, l'acido alpha-lipoico svolge un ruolo fondamentale come componente antiossidante e metabolico di alcuni complessi enzimatici coinvolti nel metabolismo del glucosio di tipi cellulari, nella seconda sessione della ricerca abbiamo valutato l'effetto del trattamento di (+)acido lipoico o ( +/-)acido lipoico e/o 10 mM alpha-GPC su colture astrogliali studiando l'espressione di alcuni marcatori di proliferazione e differenziazione cellulare. Nella terza parte della ricerca, abbiamo studiato gli estrogeni e le attività di fattori di crescita (GFs) come mitogeni in grado di stimolare la proliferazione cellulare, analizzando le interazioni tra il fattore di crescita di competenza bFGF e/o estrogeno 17-beta-estradiolo + fattori di crescita di progressione (EGF o IGF-I o INS) sul DNA labeling oltre che sulla proliferazione e la differenziazione cellulare astrogliale in differenti condizioni sperimentali. Infine, nell'ultima sessione della ricerca abbiamo valutato gli effetti antiossidanti dell acido lipoico (LA) in combinazione con il bortezomib (BTZ) su linee cellulari di neuroblastoma (NB). Abbiamo studiato la modulazione dell’emeossigenasi-1 (HO-1), del gene HMOX-1, nonché gli chaperoni BIP1, IRE1, Ero1 e PD1, attivati dalle cellule al fine di contrastare la risposta allo stress da reticolo endoplasmatico (ER). Per quanto riguarda i risultati ottenuti nei nostri colture cellulari astrogliali trattati con acido alpha-lipoico ed alpha-GPC da soli o entrambi in combinazione, è particolarmente importante sottolineare che l'aggiunta di farmaci singoli (acido alpha-lipoico o alpha-GPC) ha indotto un up modulazione espressione di biomarcatori utilizzati nel nostro studio. Al contrario, il co-trattamento con l'acido alpha-lipoico + alpha-GPC ha mostrato nessuna modifica significativa dei biomarcatori utilizzati (GFAP, vimentina, ciclina D1, O.D.C. e MAP-chinasi). Sono necessari ulteriori studi al fine di meglio chiarire il meccanismo specifico evocato dal trattamento di tali agenti neuroprotettivi nei nostri modelli in vitro. Una possibile spiegazione di questo risultato inatteso può dipendere dal fatto che, alpha-lipoico, agendo come agente che mima l azione dell'insulina e stimolando i recettori, potrebbe provocare un meccanismo d'azione che possa interferire sul comune percorso di trasduzione del segnale. Per quanto riguarda l'effetto di LA nei meccanismi di resistenza al bortezomib (BTZ) in cellule di neuroblastoma, i nostri dati indicano che LA, in combinazione con BTZ, agisce come chaperone chimico ridurre la risposta allo stress indotto dal proteasoma. Nelle nostre condizioni sperimentali, è stata osservata una upregulation dell emeossigenasi (HO-1) in seguito al trattamento BTZ su tutte le linee cellulari testate di NB, suggerendo un ruolo protettivo contro gli effetti indotti da BTZ Nel nostro modello sperimentale, non abbiamo osservato l'attivazione delle proteine autofagia legati a cellule di NB trattate con BTZ, quindi supponiamo che viene attivata l autofagia per promuovere la sopravvivenza delle cellule. Inoltre, abbiamo osservato un significativo aumento dell'autofagia in seguito al trattamento sia con la combinazione di BTZ e LA. Inoltre, LA è in grado di aumentare l'autofagia nelle sole cellule NB rispetto al solo trattamento con BTZ. I nostri dati confermano che LA protegge le cellule NB dallo stress ossidativo e riducendo il danno indotto dallo stress da ER dovuto al trattamento con BTZ e attiva autofagia come meccanismo di sopravvivenza cellulare.
Effect of alpha lipoic acid and choline-containing compounds on the expression of some astroglial biomarkers during proliferation and differentiation of astrocytes and neuroblastoma cultures
BRAMANTI, VINCENZO
2016
Abstract
In view of the possible interest of selected cholinergic precursors to counter cholinergic deficits typical of several neurological diseases, the first session of present study was designed to evaluate the effects of treatment for 24h with acetylcholine and the cholinergic precursors choline, CDP-choline and choline alphoscerate on TG-2 expression and pattern in primary cultures of rat astrocytes at 14, 21 and 35 days in vitro (DIV). In addition, because alpha-lipoic acid plays a pivotal role as antioxidant and metabolic component of some enzymatic complexes involved in glucose metabolism of different cell types, the second session of our research was focused to evaluate the effect of (+)lipoic acid or (+/-)lipoic acid and /or 10 mM alpha-GPC for 24h treatment on astroglial cell cultures. The aim of the third session of our research was devoted to evidence the interactions between the competence growth factor bFGF and/or estrogen 17-beta-estradiol and the progression growth factors (EGF or IGF-I or INS) on DNA labeling and on proliferation and differentiation activity of primary astroglial cell cultures under different experimental conditions. Finally, the last session of the research project was focused to evaluate the antioxidant effects of LA combined with BTZ on NB cell lines. In particular, we focused our attention on HO-1 modulation, on gene HMOX-1, as well as on chaperons BIP1, Ire1, Ero1 and PD1, attivated by cell in order to counteract ER stress response. Concerning the results obtained in our astroglial cell cultures treated with alpha-lipoic acid or alpha-GPC alone or both in combination, is particularly important to underline that the addition of single drugs (alpha-lipoic acid or alpha-GPC) induced an up modulation of the expression of biomarkers used in our study. On the contrary, the co-treatment with both alpha-lipoic acid+alpha-GPC showed not significant modification or a down regulation of the above mentioned biomarkers (GFAP, vimentin, cyclin D1, O.D.C. and MAP-kinases). It is necessary further study to clarify the specific mechanism evoked by the processing of these neuroprotective agents in our in vitro models. Regarding the effect of LA in the mechanisms of resistance to bortezomib (BTZ) in neuroblastoma cells, our data indicate that LA, in combination with BTZ, acts as chemical chaperone reducing the stress response induced by proteasome inhibition. Under our experimental conditions, HO-1 upregulation was observed following BTZ treatment on all tested NB cell lines, suggesting a protective role against BTZ-induced ROS. Concomitantly to HO-1 upregulation we showed a significant induction of ER-stress. In our experimental model, we did not observe activation of autophagy-related proteins in NB cells treated with BTZ, thus we supposed that in this contest autophagy is activated to promote cell survival. In order to demonstrate the implications of LA in cell resistance to BTZ cytotoxic effect, we co-treated NB cells with LA 100 microM. Our data shown an increase of viability in all NB cell lines treated with both BTZ and LA. Compared to NB cells treated with BTZ alone, the co-treatment with LA induced a down regulation of HO-1 and ER-stress. In addition, we observed a significantly increase of autophagy following treatment both with combination of BTZ and LA. Furthermore, LA is able to increase autophagy in NB cells alone compared to BTZ treatment. In conclusion, the mechanisms of cytoprotection of LA against NB cells treated with BTZ seem to be complex. Our hypothesis is that antioxidant properties of LA under our experimental conditions is not due to upregulation or enzimatic activity of HO-1 in response to stress induction by BTZ rather its nuclear localization. All these data demonstrated that LA protects NB cells by stress and damage induced by BTZ since reduces ER-stress and activates autophagy as mechanism of cell survivial.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/77287
URN:NBN:IT:UNICT-77287