This dissertation investigates the relationship among heterogeneous expectations, stock prices and monetary policy. In particular, we attempt to answer the question on whether or not central banks should respond to stock prices other than to inflation and output gap. The first chapter presents a perpetual youth model à la Blanchard (1985) and Yaari (1965) following Nisticò (2012). This type of model generates a financial wealth channel through which stock prices fluctuations affect the dynamics of the aggregate consumption, and thus the equilibrium solution. We model expectations as in Brock and Hommes (1997) and De Grauwe (2011). Agents are boundedly rational, they adopt simple rules to make forecasts and evaluate their past performances using a fitness measure. The model generates endogenous waves of optimism and pessimism due to the correlation among beliefs. Moreover, the presence of this heterogeneity removes the classic trade-off between output gap and inflation typical of Rational Expectations models. We also show that, contrary to the Bernanke and Gertler’s (1999) prescription, central banks should respond to stock prices fluctuations. However, to be beneficial, this “leaning against the wind” strategy in the stock market has to be moderate. In the second chapter, we adopt the same baseline model of the first part. We build on Nisticò (2012) and allow for the inclusion of diverse beliefs following the Rational Beliefs theory by Kurz (1997). With respect to the previous work, beliefs are modeled at a micro-level and enter in the equilibrium solution. Although agents do not observe the true dynamics of the economy, they are still rational in the sense that their beliefs are compatible with the observable empirical distribution of past data. In this framework, stock prices fluctuations affect real economy through two different channels: the financial wealth channel and the expectational channel. We simulate the model under both Rational Expectations and Rational Beliefs. Contrary to Bernanke and Gertler’s (1999) prescription, we find that a mild “leaning against the wind” strategy in the stock market is beneficial for both output gap and inflation stabilization. Moreover, all results under Rational Beliefs exhibit a higher volatility and the magnitude of responses to shock is amplified by beliefs dynamics. Widespread optimism boosts inflation as well as output gap and can generate a bubble in stock prices. However, the effect on the real economy of such exuberance might be reduced by a more “aggressive” policy.
Il presente lavoro si propone di studiare la relazione che intercorre tra la politica monetaria, il prezzo delle azioni e le aspettative eterogenee. Come Bernanke e Gertler (1999) prima di noi, l’obiettivo è quello di dare una risposta alla seguente domanda: nelle loro decisioni di politica monetaria le banche centrali devono rispondere anche alle fluttuazioni dei prezzi sul mercato azionario? Nel primo capitolo il modello utilizzato è un perpetual youth à la Blanchard (1985) e Yaari (1965) che viene ripreso da Nisticò (2012), al quale facciamo riferimento nel presente lavoro. Questo tipo di modello fa in modo che le fluttuazioni nei prezzi delle azioni abbiano un effetto significativo sull’andamento del consumo aggregato e di conseguenza sull’equilibrio: si crea, così, un nuovo canale di trasmissione denominato canale della ricchezza finanziaria. La formazione delle aspettative riprende Brock and Hommes (1997) e De Grauwe (2011). Gli agenti hanno una razionalità limitata, per fare previsioni utilizzano semplici euristiche e si basano su uno specifico meccanismo di adeguatezza per valutare le prestazioni passate. Attraverso questo meccanismo, l’andamento delle variabili economiche `e strettamente correlato con le aspettative degli individui. Inoltre, la presenza di aspettative eterogenee fa s`ı che il trade-off tra inflazione e output gap, tipico dei modelli con aspettative razionali, svanisca. Infine, il modello dimostra come, contrariamente a quanto suggerito da Bernanke e Gertler (1999), le banche centrali dovrebbero rispondere alle fluttuazioni del mercato azionario. Tuttavia, affinché questo tipo di politica monetaria sia efficace, tale reazione deve essere moderata. Nel secondo capitolo, utilizziamo un diverso tipo di aspettative: mentre il modello di base segue sempre la struttura del perpetual youth di Nisticò (2012), le aspettative si basano sulla teoria dei Rational Beliefs di Kurz (1994, 1997). La configurazione del modello fa sì che le fluttuazioni dei prezzi dei titoli abbiano un impatto sull’economia reale attraverso due canali distinti: il canale della ricchezza finanziaria e quello delle aspettative. I risultati sono stati ottenuti applicando sia la teoria dei Rational Beliefs, sia la teoria di Rational Expectations. Diversamente da quanto raccomandato da Bernanke and Gertler (1999), i risultati mostrano che le politiche di stabilizzazione dell’output gap e dell’inflazione, condotte dalle banche centrali, possono trarre beneficio dall’inclusione di una risposta alle fluttuazioni sul mercato azionario. Inoltre, quando assumiamo aspettative eterogenee, tutti i risultati presentano volatilità più alte rispetto al caso di Rational Expectations e le risposte agli shock mostrano magnitudini maggiori dovute all’effetto amplificatore dell’andamento delle aspettative. Ad esempio, un grande ottimismo tra gli individui ha un effetto positivo sull’inflazione e sull’output gap e può produrre bolle sul mercato azionario. Tale entusiasmo può essere però ridotto attraverso una politica monetaria maggiormente “aggressiva”.
Essays on Monetary Policy, Stock Market and Heterogeneous Expectations
GALLASSI, GINEVRA
2019
Abstract
This dissertation investigates the relationship among heterogeneous expectations, stock prices and monetary policy. In particular, we attempt to answer the question on whether or not central banks should respond to stock prices other than to inflation and output gap. The first chapter presents a perpetual youth model à la Blanchard (1985) and Yaari (1965) following Nisticò (2012). This type of model generates a financial wealth channel through which stock prices fluctuations affect the dynamics of the aggregate consumption, and thus the equilibrium solution. We model expectations as in Brock and Hommes (1997) and De Grauwe (2011). Agents are boundedly rational, they adopt simple rules to make forecasts and evaluate their past performances using a fitness measure. The model generates endogenous waves of optimism and pessimism due to the correlation among beliefs. Moreover, the presence of this heterogeneity removes the classic trade-off between output gap and inflation typical of Rational Expectations models. We also show that, contrary to the Bernanke and Gertler’s (1999) prescription, central banks should respond to stock prices fluctuations. However, to be beneficial, this “leaning against the wind” strategy in the stock market has to be moderate. In the second chapter, we adopt the same baseline model of the first part. We build on Nisticò (2012) and allow for the inclusion of diverse beliefs following the Rational Beliefs theory by Kurz (1997). With respect to the previous work, beliefs are modeled at a micro-level and enter in the equilibrium solution. Although agents do not observe the true dynamics of the economy, they are still rational in the sense that their beliefs are compatible with the observable empirical distribution of past data. In this framework, stock prices fluctuations affect real economy through two different channels: the financial wealth channel and the expectational channel. We simulate the model under both Rational Expectations and Rational Beliefs. Contrary to Bernanke and Gertler’s (1999) prescription, we find that a mild “leaning against the wind” strategy in the stock market is beneficial for both output gap and inflation stabilization. Moreover, all results under Rational Beliefs exhibit a higher volatility and the magnitude of responses to shock is amplified by beliefs dynamics. Widespread optimism boosts inflation as well as output gap and can generate a bubble in stock prices. However, the effect on the real economy of such exuberance might be reduced by a more “aggressive” policy.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/77361
URN:NBN:IT:UNIMIB-77361