Four main forms of genomic instability have been described in colorectal cancer (CRC): microsatellite instability (MSI), chromosomal instability (CIN), epigenome abnormalities (CIMP), and hypermutation-ultramutation. The present thesis was focused on the two better characterized forms of genome instability: MSI and CIN. The aim of the present work was to set up a new classification based on MSI and CIN and to analyze gene expression profiles of the newly defined groups. Microsatellite testing classifies tumor samples in two fundamental types: microsatellite-instable (MSI) and microsatellite-stable (MSS) tumors. This classification is well-established according to routine methodology and widely accepted guidelines (Boland et al., 1998). In the present thesis a detailed mutational profile analysis was performed for DNA mismatch repair (MMR) genes, the catalytic subunit of proofreading polymerases (POLE and POLD1) and a selected group of 50 among oncogenes and tumor suppressors, for a more accurate molecular description of MSI tumors. Classification based on chromosomal instability is much less standardized and affected by some technical difficulties. In the present thesis, the recent proposal about the use of somatic broad copy number abnormalities (BCNAs) (Barresi et al., 2017) was adopted in order to identify and sub-classify CRC tumors. According to the proposed methodology and to new criteria established in the present work, MSS tumors were subdivided into high-BCNA (HB) and low-BCNA (LB) tumors. A mutational profile analysis - with the same methodology used for MSI tumors was also applied to the LB group. A further step of the present work was to correlate the classification based on microsatellite status and on the number of BCNAs with gene expression profiles from cancer samples. HB tumors showed upregulation of intestinal epithelial genes, such as NOX1, AREG, EREG. LB tumors and MSI tumors shared a pattern of upregulation of REG4, AGR2, SPP1, CD55, MUC5B, although expression of such genes was higher for MSI samples. Upregulation of these genes had previously been described for mucinous tumors. Indeed, LB and MSI groups were enriched for mucin-producing tumors. In conclusion, taking into account the number of BCNAs, along with MSI status and with the mutational profile, two groups of MSS samples can be distinguished: HB tumors, characterized by the expression of a subset of epithelial genes, some of them involved in EGF signaling; and LB tumors, enriched for mucin-producing tumors, which resemble MSI tumors for what concerns upregulation of a subset of genes involved in the colon mucus barrier and other cell-precursor markers.
Nel cancro del colon retto (CRC) sono state descritte quattro forme principali di instabilità genomica: instabilità dei microsatelliti (MSI), instabilità cromosomica (CIN), instabilità epigenetica (che può determinare il CpG island methylator phenotype, CIMP) ed instabilità puntiforme (che può causare un fenotipo ipermutato-ultramutato). Il presente lavoro di tesi si è concentrato sulle due forme meglio caratterizzate di instabilità genomica: MSI e CIN. Lo scopo è stato quello di mettere a punto una nuova classificazione basata sulle caratteristiche MSI e CIN, e di analizzare i profili di espressione genica dei gruppi così identificati. Il test dei microsatelliti, che è ormai entrato nella routine e viene eseguito secondo linee guida ben definite (Boland et al., 1998), permette di distinguere tra tumori con instabilità dei microsatelliti (MSI) e tumori con stabilità dei microsatelliti (MSS). Nel presente lavoro, ai fini di una descrizione più accurata dei tumori MSI, è stata eseguita un analisi dettagliata del profilo mutazionale dei geni del mismatch repair (MMR), dei geni che codificano la subunità catalitica delle DNA polimerasi replicative (POLE e POLD1), e di 50 tra oncogeni e oncosoppressori ben conosciuti. Le classificazioni basate sulla instabilità cromosomica sono molto meno standardizzate e risentono di difficoltà tecniche. Nel presente lavoro, al fine di classificare i campioni tumorali secondo il grado di instabilità cromosomica, è stata accolta la recente proposta di focalizzare l attenzione sulle anomalie somatiche del numero di copie che interessino segmenti cromosomici di grandi dimensioni (arm-level) o interi cromosomi (aneuploidia), dette somatic broad copy number abnormalities (BCNAs) (Barresi et al., 2017). Secondo questo approccio, i tumori MSS sono stati suddivisi in tumori con un alto numero di BCNA (high-BCNA, HB) ed in tumori a basso numero di BCNA (low-BCNA, LB). Inoltre, anche per i campioni MSS è stata eseguita un analisi del profilo mutazionale, con la stessa procedura utilizzata nel caso dei tumori MSI. Un aspetto ulteriore del presente lavoro è stato quello di correlare la classificazione basata sullo status dei microsatelliti e sul numero di BCNA con i profili di espressione genica dei campioni tumorali. I tumori HB hanno mostrato upregulation di geni epiteliali intestinali, come NOX1, AREG, EREG. I tumori LB e quelli MSI hanno mostrato un pattern simile di upregulation dei geni REG4, AGR2, SPP1, CD55, MUC5B, sebbene il livello di espressione fosse più alto nei campioni MSI. Una upregulation nell espressione di questi geni è stata precedentemente descritta in letteratura per i tumori mucinosi. In effetti, si è riscontrato un arricchimento in tumori mucinosi all interno dei gruppi LB ed MSI. In conclusione, lo studio del numero di BCNA, dello status dei microsatelliti e del profilo mutazionale ha permesso di classificare i tumori MSS in due gruppi: tumori HB, caratterizzati dall espressione di un certo numero di geni epiteliali, alcuni dei quali coinvolti nel signaling EGF; e tumori LB, prevalentemente ad istologia mucinosa, che dal punto di vista dell espressione genica mostrano somiglianze con i tumori MSI per quanto riguarda la upregulation di un subset di geni coinvolti nella barriera mucosa colica e di markers propri di cellule progenitrici.
Genome instability and gene expression profile in colorectal cancer
CINNIRELLA, GIACOMO
2017
Abstract
Four main forms of genomic instability have been described in colorectal cancer (CRC): microsatellite instability (MSI), chromosomal instability (CIN), epigenome abnormalities (CIMP), and hypermutation-ultramutation. The present thesis was focused on the two better characterized forms of genome instability: MSI and CIN. The aim of the present work was to set up a new classification based on MSI and CIN and to analyze gene expression profiles of the newly defined groups. Microsatellite testing classifies tumor samples in two fundamental types: microsatellite-instable (MSI) and microsatellite-stable (MSS) tumors. This classification is well-established according to routine methodology and widely accepted guidelines (Boland et al., 1998). In the present thesis a detailed mutational profile analysis was performed for DNA mismatch repair (MMR) genes, the catalytic subunit of proofreading polymerases (POLE and POLD1) and a selected group of 50 among oncogenes and tumor suppressors, for a more accurate molecular description of MSI tumors. Classification based on chromosomal instability is much less standardized and affected by some technical difficulties. In the present thesis, the recent proposal about the use of somatic broad copy number abnormalities (BCNAs) (Barresi et al., 2017) was adopted in order to identify and sub-classify CRC tumors. According to the proposed methodology and to new criteria established in the present work, MSS tumors were subdivided into high-BCNA (HB) and low-BCNA (LB) tumors. A mutational profile analysis - with the same methodology used for MSI tumors was also applied to the LB group. A further step of the present work was to correlate the classification based on microsatellite status and on the number of BCNAs with gene expression profiles from cancer samples. HB tumors showed upregulation of intestinal epithelial genes, such as NOX1, AREG, EREG. LB tumors and MSI tumors shared a pattern of upregulation of REG4, AGR2, SPP1, CD55, MUC5B, although expression of such genes was higher for MSI samples. Upregulation of these genes had previously been described for mucinous tumors. Indeed, LB and MSI groups were enriched for mucin-producing tumors. In conclusion, taking into account the number of BCNAs, along with MSI status and with the mutational profile, two groups of MSS samples can be distinguished: HB tumors, characterized by the expression of a subset of epithelial genes, some of them involved in EGF signaling; and LB tumors, enriched for mucin-producing tumors, which resemble MSI tumors for what concerns upregulation of a subset of genes involved in the colon mucus barrier and other cell-precursor markers.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/77417
URN:NBN:IT:UNICT-77417