Foods, from the earliest times, are subjected to man-made modifications to ensure microbiological safety, enzymatic inactivation, destruction of toxic substances, and optimization of storage time. An undisputable role in making the food softer, tasty and preservable over time is exerted by heat treatment. It is during this phase that a series of chain reactions, known like Maillard's reaction, are triggered. During this reaction, products that affect the flavor, color and aroma of foods are formed. Among these, glyoxal, methylglyoxal and 3-deoxyglucosone are of particular importance. These compounds are present in food, have antimicrobial activity, are promoters of advanced glycation end products formationand also have toxic effects in in vitro and in vivo studies. Research activity carried out during Ph.D. study had a common thread: increasing knowledge on 1,2-dicarbonyl compounds. In this field, the overall aims of this thesis work were: assessment of the content of dicarbonyl compounds in Italian food; assessment of their dietary intake; study of formation/degradation of dicarbonyl compounds using food model systems; evaluation of antimicrobial activity of the main dicarbonyl compounds; study of the interaction between the dicarbonyl compounds and the nutrients present in the microbiological culture media, both in the presence and absence of the microorganism. The results obtained by the survey on Italian food show that the concentration is variable and the predominant 1,2-dicarbonyl compounds is 3-deoxyglucosone. The estimation on dietary intake with a Total Diet Study-like investigation, have brought new evidence to assert that the ingestion with foods is high especially for infants (0-2 years) and children (3-9 years). The results obtained with the model systems show that time, temperature and ingredients have a strong influence on the formation of the compounds and that it is possible to reduce the level of 1,2-dicarbonyl compounds. The results of antimicrobial assays lead us to conclude that dicarbonyl compounds, especially GO and MGO, could have a role in the microbial stability of foods, although food composition may strongly influence their availability to act as antimicrobials. The results obtained by the study of the interaction between the dicarbonyl compounds and the nutrients present in the culture media allow us to assert that the 1,2-dicarbonyl compounds are degraded very quickly when they come into contact with bacteria. The results obtained outline a framework of knowledge that is a prelude to subsequent important developments.
Gli alimenti, sin dai tempi più remoti, vengono sottoposti dall uomo a una serie di modificazioni al fine di garantire un'adeguata sicurezza microbiologica, l inattivazione enzimatica, la distruzione di sostanze tossiche e l ottimizzazione del tempo di conservazione. Un ruolo indiscusso, nel rendere gli alimenti conservabili nel tempo, viene esercitato dal trattamento termico. È proprio durante questa fase che si innescano una serie di reazioni a catena, note con il nome di reazione di Maillard. Durante questa reazione si formano dei prodotti che influenzano il sapore, il colore e l aroma degli alimenti. Tra questi prodotti di particolare importanza sono il gliossale, il metilgliossale e il 3-deossiglucosone. Questi composti si ritrovano negli alimenti, hanno attività antimicrobica, sono precursori dei prodotti finale della glicosilazione avanzata ed inoltre hanno effetti tossici sia in studi in vitro che in vivo. L attività di ricerca svolta nel triennio di dottorato ha avuto un filo conduttore: l ampliamento della conoscenza sui composti 1,2-dicarbonilici. Il lavoro svolto durante il dottorato di ricerca, descritto nella presente tesi si propone di valutare il contenuto dei composti 1,2 dicarbonilici negli alimenti e la loro assunzione da parte del consumatore, studiare la formazione/degradazione di questi composti utilizzando sistemi modello, valutare la loro attività antimicrobica e studiare l interazione di questi composti con i nutrienti presenti nei mezzi di coltura. I risultati ottenuti sul rilevamento dei livelli negli alimenti italiani ci permette di dire che la concentrazione è variabile e che il composto 1,2-dicarbonilico predominante è il 3-deossiglucosone. La valutazione dell assunzione tramite la dieta, effettuata con il Total diet study like investigation , ci permettere di asserire che l ingestione tramite gli alimenti è alta specialmente per gli infanti (0-2 anni) e i bambini (3-9) anni. I risultati ottenuti con i sistemi modello dimostrano che il tempo, la temperatura e gli ingredienti hanno una forte influenza sulla formazione di questi composti e che è possibile ridurne i livelli. I risultati ottenuti dall attività antimicrobica mostrano che i composti dicarbonilici, in particolare gliossale e metilgliossale, potrebbero avere un ruolo nella stabilità microbica degli alimenti, anche se la composizione dell alimento può influenzare fortemente la loro disponibilità di agire come antimicrobici. I risultati ottenuti dallo studio dell interazione tra i composti dicarbonilici e i nutrienti presenti nei mezzi culturali di crescita dimostrano come i composti vengano degradati velocemente nel momento in cui interagiscono con il microrganismo. I risultati ottenuti delineano un quadro di conoscenze che preludono importanti successivi sviluppi.
ESTIMATION OF DICARBONYL COMPOUNDS INTAKE IN ITALY AND THEIR POTENTIAL ROLE AGAINST FOOD SPOILAGE/PATHOGENIC BACTERIA
BRIGHINA, SELINA
2017
Abstract
Foods, from the earliest times, are subjected to man-made modifications to ensure microbiological safety, enzymatic inactivation, destruction of toxic substances, and optimization of storage time. An undisputable role in making the food softer, tasty and preservable over time is exerted by heat treatment. It is during this phase that a series of chain reactions, known like Maillard's reaction, are triggered. During this reaction, products that affect the flavor, color and aroma of foods are formed. Among these, glyoxal, methylglyoxal and 3-deoxyglucosone are of particular importance. These compounds are present in food, have antimicrobial activity, are promoters of advanced glycation end products formationand also have toxic effects in in vitro and in vivo studies. Research activity carried out during Ph.D. study had a common thread: increasing knowledge on 1,2-dicarbonyl compounds. In this field, the overall aims of this thesis work were: assessment of the content of dicarbonyl compounds in Italian food; assessment of their dietary intake; study of formation/degradation of dicarbonyl compounds using food model systems; evaluation of antimicrobial activity of the main dicarbonyl compounds; study of the interaction between the dicarbonyl compounds and the nutrients present in the microbiological culture media, both in the presence and absence of the microorganism. The results obtained by the survey on Italian food show that the concentration is variable and the predominant 1,2-dicarbonyl compounds is 3-deoxyglucosone. The estimation on dietary intake with a Total Diet Study-like investigation, have brought new evidence to assert that the ingestion with foods is high especially for infants (0-2 years) and children (3-9 years). The results obtained with the model systems show that time, temperature and ingredients have a strong influence on the formation of the compounds and that it is possible to reduce the level of 1,2-dicarbonyl compounds. The results of antimicrobial assays lead us to conclude that dicarbonyl compounds, especially GO and MGO, could have a role in the microbial stability of foods, although food composition may strongly influence their availability to act as antimicrobials. The results obtained by the study of the interaction between the dicarbonyl compounds and the nutrients present in the culture media allow us to assert that the 1,2-dicarbonyl compounds are degraded very quickly when they come into contact with bacteria. The results obtained outline a framework of knowledge that is a prelude to subsequent important developments.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/77448
URN:NBN:IT:UNICT-77448