Inhibition of amyloid formation may represent a promising therapeutic approach for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD). According to the amyloid hypothesis there is a relationship between the development of AD and the formation of amyloid deposits in the brain of affected individuals. The main constituent of these deposits is in fact the Aβ1-42 peptide. To this regard, peptide-based inhibitors of amyloid-β (Aβ) aggregation have been widely investigated with a particular emphasis to those derived from original amyloid sequences. The experimental activity carried out within this PhD thesis includes the synthesis, the chemical characterization, the in vitro toxicity, and the in vivo effects of a new class of peptide conjugates of the Succ-KLVFF peptide. In particular, two adamantane derivatives were selected: memantine (3,5-dimethyl-aminoadamantane, MEM) and amantadine (1-aminoadamantane, ADA). They were conjugated with Succ-KLVFF, to form Mem-Succ-KLVFF and Ada-Succ-KLVFF, respectively. We designed these conjugated peptides with aim of reaching a synergistic effect of memantine and the “β-sheet breaker” KLVFF on Aβ aggregation. Memantine is a drug used to slow down the progression of moderate-to-severe Alzheimer's disease (AD). It has been associated with a modest improvement of the general symptoms of the disease including, small positive effects on patients’ cognition, mood, behaviour, and ability to perform daily activities together with an inhibitory effect on Aβ secretion and aggregation. As concerns the peptide portion of the conjugate, the KLVFF represents a short Aβ fragment within Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-42 peptides formed by the amino acid residues of Aβ16–20, Lys-Leu-Val-Phe-Phe (KLVFF). This peptide has been demonstrated to be crucial for the transition from the unstructured random coil native state of Aβ to the toxic β-sheet structure leading to the hypothesis that peptides incorporating the KLVFF motif can function as a ligand that binds Aβ and inhibits the formation of amyloid fibrils. Accordingly, the short KLVFF fragment has been considered a -sheet-forming domain and many studies have been addressed to the identification of peptide variants or peptide-drug conjugates endowed with β-sheet breaker potential in order to prevent the transition of amyloid-β1-42 monomer to the toxic oligomeric species. The conjugate with amantadine was chosen as an internal control, since amantadine does not show pharmacological effects in AD patients. An important aspect to be taken into consideration for the use of these conjugated systems in the pharmacological field, is related to their poor solubility in aqueous environment. This problem can be solved with the help of β-cyclodextrins. In fact, the high affinity of compounds analogous to adamantane for the hydrophobic cavity of β-cyclodextrin is known. Formulation and administration of these systems in the presence of β-cyclodextrin should enhance the solubility of the conjugates and hopefully improve their bioavailability in biological fluids. Based on the previously reported ability of the KLVFF peptide to inhibit Aβ fibrillogenesis, the experimental work carried out in the PhD project aims to unveil the molecular phenomena underlying the interaction between the synthesized peptides and the monomeric form of amyloid-β. The biological basis of the present work is based on the evidences that the Aβ oligomers are the toxic species and that the Aβ1-42 monomer has been proven to exert neuroprotective activity. Therefore, it becomes a priority to preventively counteract the self-assembly of Aβ to avoid Aβ monomer’s recruitment into toxic oligomers; an event that can deprive neurons from the neuroprotective activity of the monomeric form Aβ peptide. Data from literature have shown that some peptides and/or conjugates can accelerate the Aβ’s process leading to the formation of amorphous structures. This occurrence somewhat can bypass the formation of toxic oligomers and explain the observed partial rescuing of cell viability. In this PhD thesis, we demonstrated that Mem-Succ-KLVFF modifies the aggregation features of Aβ while the association of memantine and Succ-KLVFF peptide in vitro and in vivo produced important pharmacological effects.
L'inibizione della formazione di amiloide può rappresentare un promettente approccio terapeutico per il trattamento di malattie neurodegenerative come il morbo di Alzheimer (AD). Secondo l'ipotesi dell'amiloide esiste una relazione tra lo sviluppo dell'AD e la formazione di depositi di amiloide nel cervello degli individui affetti. Il costituente principale di questi depositi è infatti il peptide Aβ1-42. A questo proposito, gli inibitori peptidici dell'aggregazione beta-amiloide (Aβ) sono stati ampiamente studiati con particolare attenzione a quelli derivati da sequenze amiloidi originali. L'attività sperimentale svolta nell'ambito di questa tesi di dottorato comprende la sintesi, la caratterizzazione chimica, la tossicità in vitro e gli effetti in vivo di una nuova classe di coniugati peptidici del peptide Succ-KLVFF. In particolare, sono stati selezionati due derivati dell'adamantano: la memantina (3,5-dimetil-amminoadamantano, MEM) e l'amantadina (1-amminoadamantano, ADA). Sono stati coniugati con Succ-KLVFF, per formare rispettivamente Mem-Succ-KLVFF e Ada-Succ-KLVFF. Abbiamo progettato questi peptidi coniugati con l'obiettivo di raggiungere un effetto sinergico di memantina e KLVFF "β-sheet breaker" sull'aggregazione Aβ. La memantina è un farmaco usato per rallentare la progressione della malattia di Alzheimer (AD) da moderata a grave. È stato associato a un modesto miglioramento dei sintomi generali della malattia, inclusi piccoli effetti positivi sulla cognizione, l'umore, il comportamento e la capacità dei pazienti di svolgere le attività quotidiane insieme a un effetto inibitorio sulla secrezione e l'aggregazione di Aβ. Per quanto riguarda la porzione peptidica del coniugato, il KLVFF rappresenta un breve frammento Aβ all'interno dei peptidi Aβ1-40 e Aβ1-42 formato dai residui amminoacidici di Aβ16–20, Lys-Leu-Val-Phe-Phe (KLVFF). È stato dimostrato che questo peptide è cruciale per la transizione dallo stato nativo non strutturato della bobina casuale di Aβ alla struttura tossica del foglio β, portando all'ipotesi che i peptidi che incorporano il motivo KLVFF possano funzionare come un ligando che lega Aβ e inibisce la formazione di fibrille amiloidi. Di conseguenza, il breve frammento KLVFF è stato considerato un dominio di formazione del foglio β e molti studi sono stati indirizzati all'identificazione di varianti peptidiche o coniugati peptide-farmaco dotati di potenziale di rottura del foglio β per impedire la transizione di amiloide-β1 -42 monomero alle specie oligomeriche tossiche. Il coniugato con amantadina è stato scelto come controllo interno, poiché l'amantadina non mostra effetti farmacologici nei pazienti con AD. Un aspetto importante da tenere in considerazione per l'utilizzo di questi sistemi coniugati in campo farmacologico, è legato alla loro scarsa solubilità in ambiente acquoso. Questo problema può essere risolto con l'aiuto delle β-ciclodestrine. È infatti nota l'elevata affinità di composti analoghi all'adamantano per la cavità idrofobica della β-ciclodestrina. La formulazione e la somministrazione di questi sistemi in presenza di β-ciclodestrina dovrebbe migliorare la solubilità dei coniugati e, si spera, migliorare la loro biodisponibilità nei fluidi biologici. Sulla base della capacità precedentemente riportata del peptide KLVFF di inibire la fibrillogenesi Aβ, il lavoro sperimentale svolto nel progetto di dottorato mira a svelare i fenomeni molecolari alla base dell'interazione tra i peptidi sintetizzati e la forma monomerica dell'amiloide-β. La base biologica del presente lavoro si basa sull'evidenza che gli oligomeri Aβ sono le specie tossiche e che è stato dimostrato che il monomero Aβ1-42 esercita attività neuroprotettiva. Pertanto, diventa prioritario contrastare preventivamente l'autoassemblaggio di Aβ per evitare il reclutamento del monomero Aβ in oligomeri tossici; un evento che può privare i neuroni dell'attività neuroprotettiva del peptide Aβ della forma monomerica. I dati della letteratura hanno dimostrato che alcuni peptidi e/o coniugati possono accelerare il processo dell'Aβ portando alla formazione di strutture amorfe. Questo evento può in qualche modo aggirare la formazione di oligomeri tossici e spiegare il parziale salvataggio osservato della vitalità cellulare. In questa tesi di dottorato, abbiamo dimostrato che Mem-Succ-KLVFF modifica le caratteristiche di aggregazione di Aβ mentre l'associazione di memantina e peptide Succ-KLVFF in vitro e in vivo produce importanti effetti farmacologici.
Studio di molecole farmaceutiche e loro coniugati con il peptide KLVFF: sintesi, interazione e veicolazione con beta-amiloide
BOCCHIERI, ELEONORA
2023
Abstract
Inhibition of amyloid formation may represent a promising therapeutic approach for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD). According to the amyloid hypothesis there is a relationship between the development of AD and the formation of amyloid deposits in the brain of affected individuals. The main constituent of these deposits is in fact the Aβ1-42 peptide. To this regard, peptide-based inhibitors of amyloid-β (Aβ) aggregation have been widely investigated with a particular emphasis to those derived from original amyloid sequences. The experimental activity carried out within this PhD thesis includes the synthesis, the chemical characterization, the in vitro toxicity, and the in vivo effects of a new class of peptide conjugates of the Succ-KLVFF peptide. In particular, two adamantane derivatives were selected: memantine (3,5-dimethyl-aminoadamantane, MEM) and amantadine (1-aminoadamantane, ADA). They were conjugated with Succ-KLVFF, to form Mem-Succ-KLVFF and Ada-Succ-KLVFF, respectively. We designed these conjugated peptides with aim of reaching a synergistic effect of memantine and the “β-sheet breaker” KLVFF on Aβ aggregation. Memantine is a drug used to slow down the progression of moderate-to-severe Alzheimer's disease (AD). It has been associated with a modest improvement of the general symptoms of the disease including, small positive effects on patients’ cognition, mood, behaviour, and ability to perform daily activities together with an inhibitory effect on Aβ secretion and aggregation. As concerns the peptide portion of the conjugate, the KLVFF represents a short Aβ fragment within Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-42 peptides formed by the amino acid residues of Aβ16–20, Lys-Leu-Val-Phe-Phe (KLVFF). This peptide has been demonstrated to be crucial for the transition from the unstructured random coil native state of Aβ to the toxic β-sheet structure leading to the hypothesis that peptides incorporating the KLVFF motif can function as a ligand that binds Aβ and inhibits the formation of amyloid fibrils. Accordingly, the short KLVFF fragment has been considered a -sheet-forming domain and many studies have been addressed to the identification of peptide variants or peptide-drug conjugates endowed with β-sheet breaker potential in order to prevent the transition of amyloid-β1-42 monomer to the toxic oligomeric species. The conjugate with amantadine was chosen as an internal control, since amantadine does not show pharmacological effects in AD patients. An important aspect to be taken into consideration for the use of these conjugated systems in the pharmacological field, is related to their poor solubility in aqueous environment. This problem can be solved with the help of β-cyclodextrins. In fact, the high affinity of compounds analogous to adamantane for the hydrophobic cavity of β-cyclodextrin is known. Formulation and administration of these systems in the presence of β-cyclodextrin should enhance the solubility of the conjugates and hopefully improve their bioavailability in biological fluids. Based on the previously reported ability of the KLVFF peptide to inhibit Aβ fibrillogenesis, the experimental work carried out in the PhD project aims to unveil the molecular phenomena underlying the interaction between the synthesized peptides and the monomeric form of amyloid-β. The biological basis of the present work is based on the evidences that the Aβ oligomers are the toxic species and that the Aβ1-42 monomer has been proven to exert neuroprotective activity. Therefore, it becomes a priority to preventively counteract the self-assembly of Aβ to avoid Aβ monomer’s recruitment into toxic oligomers; an event that can deprive neurons from the neuroprotective activity of the monomeric form Aβ peptide. Data from literature have shown that some peptides and/or conjugates can accelerate the Aβ’s process leading to the formation of amorphous structures. This occurrence somewhat can bypass the formation of toxic oligomers and explain the observed partial rescuing of cell viability. In this PhD thesis, we demonstrated that Mem-Succ-KLVFF modifies the aggregation features of Aβ while the association of memantine and Succ-KLVFF peptide in vitro and in vivo produced important pharmacological effects.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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PhD thesis Eleonora Bocchieri.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/77615
URN:NBN:IT:UNICT-77615