This survey, examining legal provisions on economic matters in Islamic law, revealed that Shari'ah is based on the belief that everything belongs to God. Therefore, Islamic economics finds its genesis, affirmation, and future development in Revelation. As a result, the relationship between money and the faithful is strongly influenced by Islam. For Muslim believers, money is a mean rather than an end. The Islamic approach prohibits lending at interest (ribà), and this results in restrictions on banking transactions as a guarantee of fair trade and solidarity. This constitutes a substantial difference between Islamic and secular banking and contractual systems: reward arising from the imposition of a predetermined interest rate is deemed not legitimate under Islamic law; whereas it is permissible for a bank's performance to gain a profit from an actual activity. It can be argued that Muslim communities face a genuine dilemma in non-Muslim regions as they are forced to choose between traditional banks - that obviously do not comply with Shari'ah principles - and those that do. The conflict of loyalties faced by Islamic communities is a real issue that demands further attention. To overcome this challenge and meet a demand that expresses religious affiliation and, ultimately, a way to exercise religious freedom, Islamic finance can be implemented in diaspora territories. The aim of this study is to check that there is no complete normative incongruity between a potential Shari'ah-compliant contractual and banking regulation and the constitutional principles of the Italian legal system. Hence, the economic principles of the Shari'ah were initially explored, underlining the historical and current interpretation by Islamic jurisprudents. The study now turns its focus to the origins of Islamic banking intermediary to gain an understanding of the historical roots of Islamic finance. Initially, the study examines the unique aspects of the initial Islamic credit institution in Mit Ghamr, Egypt, which was established in 1963 and credited to economist Al-Najjar. This serves as a starting point for understanding the development of Islamic banking. Subsequently, the discussion shifted towards the predominant models of existing Islamic banking intermediaries. Where appropriate, this analysis examined the differences between the Italian conventional banking system and an Islamic one to explore the possibility of implementing the latter in Western financial systems. Next, a comprehensive analysis of current models used by Islamic banking intermediaries was conducted, including a thorough investigation of Shari'ah compliant contracts. A detailed investigation was undertaken on the Islamic profit and loss sharing contracts, Mudàraba and Mushàraka, alongside the non-participatory contracts, Muraba and Salam, which can provide working capital, and the Ijara and Istisna contracts used for financing fixed assets. Technical term abbreviations are explained, and a logical flow of information is maintained throughout the text. The language used is formal, clear, and unbiased, with grammatical correctness and precise word choices. Common academic sections are included, and consistent citation and footnote style are adhered to. Finally, the research findings were used to undertake a regulatory compatibility analysis aimed at identifying necessary changes or additions to Italian laws to facilitate the integration of Islamic contracting practices in Italy.
L’indagine condotta ha ad oggetto le disposizioni giuridiche in materia economica presenti nel diritto islamico. La Shari’ah, infatti, si basa sull’assunto per cui tutto appartiene a Dio, e quindi è nella Rivelazione che l’economia islamica trova la sua genesi, la sua affermazione e il suo sviluppo futuro. Ne consegue che il rapporto dei fedeli musulmani con il denaro è declinato in una prospettiva fortemente religiosa che vede il denaro come un mezzo e non un fine. Espressione di tale impostazione è il divieto di prestito a interesse (ribà) che, condizionando le operazioni bancarie, rappresenta una garanzia di equità del commercio e un presidio dei valori di solidarietà. È uno dei punti di maggior discontinuità tra ordinamento contrattuale e bancario islamico e secolare: la remunerazione derivante dall’applicazione di un tasso di interesse prestabilito è proibita dal diritto islamico; di converso, è halal il rendimento di una banca allorquando questa prenda parte concretamente a un’attività reale e il rendimento pecuniario sia una conseguenza di tale attività. Ne consegue che le comunità islamiche risentano, in contesti non musulmani, di un vero e proprio conflitto di lealtà dovuto all’offerta delle banche convenzionali non conforme alla Shari’ah. Al fine di superare tale difficoltà e andare incontro a una richiesta che diviene espressione di appartenenza religiosa e modalità di esercizio della libertà religiosa è possibile implementare l’Islamic finance nei territori di diaspora. L’obiettivo dello studio è dimostrare che non vi è una totale incompatibilità normativa tra i modelli contrattuali e bancari Shari’ah compliant e i principi costituzionali su cui si fonda l’ordinamento italiano. Per tale motivo si sono presi in esame in prima battuta i principi economici contenuti all’interno della Shari’ah, cercando di cogliere l’interpretazione passata e presente dei giurisperiti islamici. Poi, l’attenzione si è spostata sulla genesi dell’intermediario bancario islamico al fine di comprendere quali siano le radici storiche del comparto della finanza islamica. Come punto di partenza, ci si è soffermati sulle peculiarità del primo istituto di credito islamico fondato in Egitto nel 1963 nel villaggio di Mit Ghamr e la cui paternità è attribuita all’economista Al-Najjar. Successivamente, l’attenzione si è spostata sui principali modelli attualmente presenti di intermediario bancario islamico e, laddove presenti, si sono analizzate le aporie tra banca convenzionale e banca islamica in una prospettiva di implementazione di quest’ultima nel tessuto economico-finanziario occidentale. A seguire, sono stati approfonditi i modelli presenti di intermediario bancario islamico, svolgendo un’accurata indagine dei contratti Shari’ah compliant. Un apposito approfondimento è stato dedicato ai contratti islamici di tipo partecipativo, Mudàraba e Mushàraka, caratterizzati dell’utilizzo del principio del Profit and Loss Sharing; ai contratti non partecipativi, Muraba e Salam, utilizzabili per il conferimento del capitale circolante e i contratti Ijara e Istisna impiegati per il finanziamento del capitale fisso. I risultati della ricerca sono stati utilizzati infine per prospettare un’analisi di compatibilità normativa al fine di cogliere quali modifiche (o integrazioni) alle leggi italiane siano necessarie per favorire l’ingresso della contrattualistica islamica nell’ordinamento giuridico italiano.
Principi di finanza islamica in contesti giuridici non islamici. Potenzialità e prospettive della Islamic finance in Italia
CUPRI, ALESSANDRO
2024
Abstract
This survey, examining legal provisions on economic matters in Islamic law, revealed that Shari'ah is based on the belief that everything belongs to God. Therefore, Islamic economics finds its genesis, affirmation, and future development in Revelation. As a result, the relationship between money and the faithful is strongly influenced by Islam. For Muslim believers, money is a mean rather than an end. The Islamic approach prohibits lending at interest (ribà), and this results in restrictions on banking transactions as a guarantee of fair trade and solidarity. This constitutes a substantial difference between Islamic and secular banking and contractual systems: reward arising from the imposition of a predetermined interest rate is deemed not legitimate under Islamic law; whereas it is permissible for a bank's performance to gain a profit from an actual activity. It can be argued that Muslim communities face a genuine dilemma in non-Muslim regions as they are forced to choose between traditional banks - that obviously do not comply with Shari'ah principles - and those that do. The conflict of loyalties faced by Islamic communities is a real issue that demands further attention. To overcome this challenge and meet a demand that expresses religious affiliation and, ultimately, a way to exercise religious freedom, Islamic finance can be implemented in diaspora territories. The aim of this study is to check that there is no complete normative incongruity between a potential Shari'ah-compliant contractual and banking regulation and the constitutional principles of the Italian legal system. Hence, the economic principles of the Shari'ah were initially explored, underlining the historical and current interpretation by Islamic jurisprudents. The study now turns its focus to the origins of Islamic banking intermediary to gain an understanding of the historical roots of Islamic finance. Initially, the study examines the unique aspects of the initial Islamic credit institution in Mit Ghamr, Egypt, which was established in 1963 and credited to economist Al-Najjar. This serves as a starting point for understanding the development of Islamic banking. Subsequently, the discussion shifted towards the predominant models of existing Islamic banking intermediaries. Where appropriate, this analysis examined the differences between the Italian conventional banking system and an Islamic one to explore the possibility of implementing the latter in Western financial systems. Next, a comprehensive analysis of current models used by Islamic banking intermediaries was conducted, including a thorough investigation of Shari'ah compliant contracts. A detailed investigation was undertaken on the Islamic profit and loss sharing contracts, Mudàraba and Mushàraka, alongside the non-participatory contracts, Muraba and Salam, which can provide working capital, and the Ijara and Istisna contracts used for financing fixed assets. Technical term abbreviations are explained, and a logical flow of information is maintained throughout the text. The language used is formal, clear, and unbiased, with grammatical correctness and precise word choices. Common academic sections are included, and consistent citation and footnote style are adhered to. Finally, the research findings were used to undertake a regulatory compatibility analysis aimed at identifying necessary changes or additions to Italian laws to facilitate the integration of Islamic contracting practices in Italy.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/77801
URN:NBN:IT:UNIMIB-77801