The topic connecting all the projects exposed in this thesis consists of the study and application of benthic foraminifera, which have proven to be a reliable tool for paleoenvironmental and stratigraphic reconstructions. Firstly, two review papers offering a general and quantitative analysis of different carbonate producers within the Cenozoic era, are discussed. The results of these works underscores the significance of a global, quantitative, and standardized analysis of skeletal assemblage compositions in shallow-water carbonate contexts. By combining literature data on skeletal assemblage compositions in modern carbonate sediments with satellite data on various abiotic factors, patterns in the distribution of carbonate producers relative to solar and chemical energy gradients were identified. These findings suggest that similar skeletal assemblages may result from various combinations of factors. Thus, similar microfacies may be the result of diverse environmental conditions. Based on an extensive literature dataset, we demonstrated that large benthic foraminifera are the most voluminous carbonate producers during the Cenozoic, with a peak in abundance during the Eocene. This implies that the study of these organisms is of paramount importance for advances in paleontological and sedimentological research. Focusing on benthic foraminifera, it has been observed how they can be reliably used as paleoenvironmental and paleoecological proxies. Consequently, a research line on the use of benthic foraminifera as proxies for paleo-seagrass has been developed. Since seagrass meadows are considerably important ecosystems, studying the evolution of these in light of current climate changes cannot disregard the analysis of their geological record. The study of epiphytic foraminifera has proven to be a powerful a tool for these analyses. This has been confirmed by studies conducted in the Pleistocene Fauglia and Stirone River deposits. It has been possible to observe how the analysis of benthic foraminifera morphotypes, and the calculation of parameters such as the K/REXT ratio (between epiphytic and infaunal foraminifera), can be used as a proxy for fossil seagrass meadows. In addition, the Eocene successions of Pag (Croatia) and the Alpine Foreland Basin (Liguria/France), has been studied. Regarding Pag succession, through the analysis of outcrops, and the quantitative analysis of benthic foraminifera and skeletal assemblages, a detailed understanding of the evolutionary dynamics of the Dinaric Foreland Basin was achieved. Benthic foraminifera proved to be highly reliable environmental indicators, enabling the differentiation of various facies within the succession. A biofacies associated with fossil seagrass was recognized, identified through multiple Indirect Palaeo-Seagrass Indicators. Regarding the work on the Alpine Foreland Basin, in addition to the direct application of benthic foraminifera as environmental and stratigraphic indicators, an analysis of the role of terrigenous input has been provided. This allows us to understand the importance of evaluating the effect of terrigenous input on carbonate producer associations within the basin. For some types of organisms (e.g., corals), terrigenous input can have a destructive effect on community development. Free-living benthic foraminifera, instead, are among the carbonate producers that tolerate terrigenous input better. Encrusting foraminifera and coralline algae tolerate terrigenous presence to a lesser extent. Nevertheless, these observations do not necessarily align with other studies on more recent environments, where it is demonstrated that coralline algae are among the groups that have developed significant tolerance to terrigenous input. All these works demonstrated how i) the correct taxonomic identification, ii) the comparison with modern associations, and iii) the quantitative approach are essential for palaeoenvironmental and stratigraphic reconstructions.
L'argomento che collega i lavori esposti in questa tesi è lo studio dei foraminiferi bentonici, uno strumento affidabile per le ricostruzioni paleoambientali e stratigrafiche. Inizialmente vengono discussi due articoli di revisione che offrono una panoramica generale sui produttori di carbonato nel Cenozoico. I risultati di questi lavori indicano l'importanza di un'analisi globale, quantitativa e standardizzata delle associazioni scheletriche nei contesti di carbonati di acque basse. Combinando i dati di letteratura sulle composizioni delle associazioni scheletriche nei sedimenti carbonatici moderni con i dati satellitari su vari fattori abiotici, sono stati identificati schemi nella distribuzione dei produttori di carbonato che seguono gradienti di energia solare e chimica. Questo suggerisce che associazioni scheletriche simili possono risultare da varie combinazioni di fattori. Pertanto, microfacies simili possono essere il risultato di diverse condizioni ambientali. Sulla base di un esteso set di dati bibliografici, abbiamo dimostrato che i grandi foraminiferi bentonici sono i produttori di carbonato più importanti volumetricamente lungo il Cenozoico, con un picco nell'Eocene. Ciò implica che lo studio di questi organismi è di primaria importanza per i progressi nella ricerca paleontologica e sedimentologica. Concentrandoci sui foraminiferi bentonici, è stato osservato come questi siano indicatori paleoecologici affidabili. È stata sviluppata una linea di ricerca sull'uso dei foraminiferi bentonici come indicatori di praterie fossili di fanerogame. Dato che questi ecosistemi sono notevolmente importanti, lo studio della loro evoluzione alla luce dei cambiamenti climatici attuali non può trascurare l'analisi del loro record fossile. Lo studio dei foraminiferi epifiti si è dimostrato uno strumento potente per queste analisi, come confermato dagli studi condotti nei depositi pleistocenici di Fauglia e del torrente Stirone. È stato possibile osservare come l'analisi dei morfotipi dei foraminiferi ed il calcolo di parametri come il rapporto K/REXT (tra foraminiferi epifiti e infaunali) possano essere utilizzati come proxy di fanerogame fossili. Inoltre, sono state studiate le successioni eoceniche di Pag (Croazia) e del Bacino di Foreland Alpino (Liguria/Francia). Per quanto riguarda la successione di Pag, attraverso l'analisi quantitativa dei foraminiferi bentonici e delle associazioni scheletriche, è stata raggiunta una comprensione dettagliata dell’evoluzione del Bacino di Foreland Dinarico. I foraminiferi bentonici si sono dimostrati indicatori ambientali molto affidabili, consentendo la differenziazione di varie facies all'interno della successione. Inoltre, una biofacies associata a praterie fossili è stata identificata attraverso molteplici indicatori indiretti legati ai foraminiferi. Riguardo al lavoro sul Bacino di Foreland Alpino, oltre all'applicazione diretta dei foraminiferi bentonici come indicatori ambientali e stratigrafici, è stata fornita un'analisi del ruolo dell'apporto di terrigeno, valutandone l'effetto sulle associazioni di produttori di carbonato. Per alcuni tipi di organismi (ad esempio i coralli), l'apporto di terrigeno può avere un effetto distruttivo sullo sviluppo delle comunità. I foraminiferi bentonici, invece, sono tra i produttori di carbonato che tollerano meglio l'apporto di terrigeno. I foraminiferi incrostanti e le alghe coralline tollerano l’input di terrigeno in misura minore. Tuttavia, queste osservazioni non si allineano necessariamente con altri studi su ambienti più recenti, dove è dimostrato che le alghe coralline sono tra i gruppi che hanno sviluppato una significativa tolleranza all'apporto di terrigeno. In conclusione, questi lavori hanno dimostrato come i) la corretta identificazione tassonomica, ii) la comparazione con associazioni moderne, e iii) l’approccio quantitativo siano parametri essenziali per le ricostruzioni paleoambientali e stratigrafiche.
Cenozoic benthic foraminiferal associations as tools for palaeoenvironmental and stratigraphic reconstructions
MARIANI, LUCA
2024
Abstract
The topic connecting all the projects exposed in this thesis consists of the study and application of benthic foraminifera, which have proven to be a reliable tool for paleoenvironmental and stratigraphic reconstructions. Firstly, two review papers offering a general and quantitative analysis of different carbonate producers within the Cenozoic era, are discussed. The results of these works underscores the significance of a global, quantitative, and standardized analysis of skeletal assemblage compositions in shallow-water carbonate contexts. By combining literature data on skeletal assemblage compositions in modern carbonate sediments with satellite data on various abiotic factors, patterns in the distribution of carbonate producers relative to solar and chemical energy gradients were identified. These findings suggest that similar skeletal assemblages may result from various combinations of factors. Thus, similar microfacies may be the result of diverse environmental conditions. Based on an extensive literature dataset, we demonstrated that large benthic foraminifera are the most voluminous carbonate producers during the Cenozoic, with a peak in abundance during the Eocene. This implies that the study of these organisms is of paramount importance for advances in paleontological and sedimentological research. Focusing on benthic foraminifera, it has been observed how they can be reliably used as paleoenvironmental and paleoecological proxies. Consequently, a research line on the use of benthic foraminifera as proxies for paleo-seagrass has been developed. Since seagrass meadows are considerably important ecosystems, studying the evolution of these in light of current climate changes cannot disregard the analysis of their geological record. The study of epiphytic foraminifera has proven to be a powerful a tool for these analyses. This has been confirmed by studies conducted in the Pleistocene Fauglia and Stirone River deposits. It has been possible to observe how the analysis of benthic foraminifera morphotypes, and the calculation of parameters such as the K/REXT ratio (between epiphytic and infaunal foraminifera), can be used as a proxy for fossil seagrass meadows. In addition, the Eocene successions of Pag (Croatia) and the Alpine Foreland Basin (Liguria/France), has been studied. Regarding Pag succession, through the analysis of outcrops, and the quantitative analysis of benthic foraminifera and skeletal assemblages, a detailed understanding of the evolutionary dynamics of the Dinaric Foreland Basin was achieved. Benthic foraminifera proved to be highly reliable environmental indicators, enabling the differentiation of various facies within the succession. A biofacies associated with fossil seagrass was recognized, identified through multiple Indirect Palaeo-Seagrass Indicators. Regarding the work on the Alpine Foreland Basin, in addition to the direct application of benthic foraminifera as environmental and stratigraphic indicators, an analysis of the role of terrigenous input has been provided. This allows us to understand the importance of evaluating the effect of terrigenous input on carbonate producer associations within the basin. For some types of organisms (e.g., corals), terrigenous input can have a destructive effect on community development. Free-living benthic foraminifera, instead, are among the carbonate producers that tolerate terrigenous input better. Encrusting foraminifera and coralline algae tolerate terrigenous presence to a lesser extent. Nevertheless, these observations do not necessarily align with other studies on more recent environments, where it is demonstrated that coralline algae are among the groups that have developed significant tolerance to terrigenous input. All these works demonstrated how i) the correct taxonomic identification, ii) the comparison with modern associations, and iii) the quantitative approach are essential for palaeoenvironmental and stratigraphic reconstructions.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
---|---|---|---|
phd_unimib_789314.pdf
accesso aperto
Dimensione
13.77 MB
Formato
Adobe PDF
|
13.77 MB | Adobe PDF | Visualizza/Apri |
I documenti in UNITESI sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/78173
URN:NBN:IT:UNIMIB-78173