Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is, in Italy, the most widespread autoimmune disease with high associated costs for the National Health Service. This disease affects about 0.5-1% of the adult population, mainly of the female gender. Being a degenerative disease, whose damages are frequently irreversible, an early diagnosis as well as an adequate treatment and a high level treatment compliance of the patient, could slow down the worsening of the disease. Furthermore, the possible effects of RA and its treatment on pregnancies and subsequent pregnancy outcomes are not well known. The main objectives of the thesis are therefore: i) to evaluate the adherence to guidelines for the treatment of RA, ii) to evaluate the patient's adherence to RA treatment, iii) to estimate the cost and effectiveness of care provided in specialized clinics for the treatment of RA patients, iv) to analyze pregnancy outcomes and the likelihood of achieving pregnancy in women with RA treated with methotrexate (MTX). The first issue concerned the assessment of how the guidelines of the European Alliance of Associations for Rheumatology (EULAR) for the treatment of RA have been implemented, and the impact of adherence to these guidelines on the probability of hospitalization. The main results of this study showed that patients with excellent adherence to guidelines, when compared with those with low adherence, have a 24% lower risk of hospitalization. The second topic concerned the evaluation of the impact of adherence to treatment with Disease-Modifying Anti-Rheumatic Drugs (DMARDs), the therapy suggested by EULAR, on the achievement of disease clinical remission (defined as a substantial decrease or absence of symptoms). The ELECTRA database, which contains clinical information and information from administrative databases of RA patients treated at the IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo (Pavia), was considered for the analysis. The main finding showed that a 10-unit percentage increase in proportion of days covered by DMARDs is associated with a 10% increase in the likelihood of clinical remission. These results show the importance of monitoring patients in clinical practice to maintain high levels of treatment compliance. The objective of the third theme focused on a cost-effectiveness evaluation, comparing RA patients treated in specialized clinics ("Early Arthritis Clinic" - EAC), with RA patients treated in non-specialized clinics. Two cohorts were recruited, the first one included patients treated in the EAC of the IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo and the other one with patients with RA extracted from the administrative databases of Lombardy region. The main results of this third phase showed that a moderate increase in costs is associated with a very high increase in effectiveness, especially if calculated as length of hospitalizations and as adherence to the EULAR guidelines. These findings could open up new scenarios in RA patient management. The fourth and final topic concerned the impact of treatment with MTX (DMARD suggested by EULAR as the first line of treatment) in RA women, on the likelihood of achieving pregnancy and on pregnancy outcomes. Three cohorts were recruited: women with RA with incident MTX exposure, women with RA without MTX treatment, and women without RA. The main results of this analysis showed that women with RA, especially when treated with MTX, have a lower frequency of pregnancies than women without RA. Furthermore, women treated with MTX have a higher risk of spontaneous abortion (about twice as high) than the other two cohorts.
L’artirite reumatoide (AR) è la più diffusa patologia autoimmune in Italia con elevati costi terapeutici e previdenziali associati. Questa patologia colpisce circa lo 0.5-1% della popolazione adulta, prevalentemente di genere femminile. Essendo una patologia degenerativa, i cui danni sono frequentemente irreversibili, una diagnosi precoce così come un adeguato trattamento ed un elevato livello di compliance del paziente allo stesso, potrebbero rallentare il peggioramento della malattia. Inoltre sono poco noti i possibili effetti della malattia e del suo trattamento sulle gravidanze e i successivi outcome gravidici. I principali obiettivi della tesi quindi sono: i) valutare l’aderenza alle linee guida per il trattamento dell’ AR da parte dei clinici, ii) valutare l’aderenza al trattamento per AR da parte del paziente, iii) stimare costo ed efficacia delle cure erogate nelle cliniche specializzate per il trattamento di pazienti con AR, iv) analizzare gli esiti gravidici e il raggiungimento della gravidanza in donne con AR trattate con metotrexate (MTX). La prima tematica ha riguardato la valutazione di come sono state implementate le linee guida della European Alliance of Associations for Rheumatology (EULAR) per il trattamento dell’AR e l’impatto dell’aderenza a queste linee guida sulla probabilità di ospedalizzazione. I principali risultati di questo studio hanno mostrato come i pazienti con un’ottima aderenza alle linee guida, se confrontati con quelli con bassa aderenza, abbiano un rischio del 24% inferiore di incorrere in ospedalizzazione. La seconda tematica ha riguardato la valutazione dell’impatto dell’aderenza al trattamento con Disease-Modifying Anti-Rheumatic Drugs (DMARDs), terapia suggerita dall’EULAR, sul raggiungimento della remissione clinica di malattia. I dati provengono dal database ELECTRA (con informazioni cliniche e provenienti da database amministrativi) di pazienti con AR trattati presso l’IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo (Pavia). Si è osservato che un incremento percentuale di 10 unità nella copertura al trattamento comporta un aumento della probabilità di remissione clinica del 10%. Da questi risultati sembra emergere l’importanza di riuscire a monitorare i pazienti nella pratica clinica per mantenere elevati standard di compliance. L’obiettivo della terza tematica si è focalizzato su una valutazione costo-efficacia del trattamento dei pazienti con AR erogato da cliniche specializzate (EAC), confrontandolo con quello dei pazienti trattati in cliniche non specializzate. Sono state quindi reclutate due coorti, la prima di pazienti trattati in una EAC e l’altra estratta dai database amministrativi di regione lombardia tra i soli soggetti con AR. I risultati principali di questa terza fase hanno mostrato come ad un incremento moderato dei costi si associ un incremento molto elevato dell’efficacia, specialmente se calcolata come durata di degenza e come aderenza alle linee guida EULAR. La quarta ed ultima tematica riguarda l’analisi dell’impatto del trattamento con MTX (DMARD suggerito dall’EULAR come prima linea di trattamento) nelle pazienti con AR sulla possibilità di raggiungere una gravidanza e sugli outcome gravidici conseguenti. Sono state definite tre coorti: donne con AR con esposizione incidente di MTX, donne con AR senza trattamento con MTX e donne senza AR. I risultati principali di questa analisi hanno mostrato che le donne con AR, specialmente se trattate con MTX, hanno una minor frequenza di gravidanze rispetto alle donne senza AR. Inoltre, le donne trattate con MTX sembrano avere un rischio più elevato di aborto spontaneo (circa due volte superiore) rispetto alle altre due coorti.
The management of patients with rheumatoid arthritis: an overview of obstacles and improvement strategies.
ZANETTI, ANNA
2022
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is, in Italy, the most widespread autoimmune disease with high associated costs for the National Health Service. This disease affects about 0.5-1% of the adult population, mainly of the female gender. Being a degenerative disease, whose damages are frequently irreversible, an early diagnosis as well as an adequate treatment and a high level treatment compliance of the patient, could slow down the worsening of the disease. Furthermore, the possible effects of RA and its treatment on pregnancies and subsequent pregnancy outcomes are not well known. The main objectives of the thesis are therefore: i) to evaluate the adherence to guidelines for the treatment of RA, ii) to evaluate the patient's adherence to RA treatment, iii) to estimate the cost and effectiveness of care provided in specialized clinics for the treatment of RA patients, iv) to analyze pregnancy outcomes and the likelihood of achieving pregnancy in women with RA treated with methotrexate (MTX). The first issue concerned the assessment of how the guidelines of the European Alliance of Associations for Rheumatology (EULAR) for the treatment of RA have been implemented, and the impact of adherence to these guidelines on the probability of hospitalization. The main results of this study showed that patients with excellent adherence to guidelines, when compared with those with low adherence, have a 24% lower risk of hospitalization. The second topic concerned the evaluation of the impact of adherence to treatment with Disease-Modifying Anti-Rheumatic Drugs (DMARDs), the therapy suggested by EULAR, on the achievement of disease clinical remission (defined as a substantial decrease or absence of symptoms). The ELECTRA database, which contains clinical information and information from administrative databases of RA patients treated at the IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo (Pavia), was considered for the analysis. The main finding showed that a 10-unit percentage increase in proportion of days covered by DMARDs is associated with a 10% increase in the likelihood of clinical remission. These results show the importance of monitoring patients in clinical practice to maintain high levels of treatment compliance. The objective of the third theme focused on a cost-effectiveness evaluation, comparing RA patients treated in specialized clinics ("Early Arthritis Clinic" - EAC), with RA patients treated in non-specialized clinics. Two cohorts were recruited, the first one included patients treated in the EAC of the IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo and the other one with patients with RA extracted from the administrative databases of Lombardy region. The main results of this third phase showed that a moderate increase in costs is associated with a very high increase in effectiveness, especially if calculated as length of hospitalizations and as adherence to the EULAR guidelines. These findings could open up new scenarios in RA patient management. The fourth and final topic concerned the impact of treatment with MTX (DMARD suggested by EULAR as the first line of treatment) in RA women, on the likelihood of achieving pregnancy and on pregnancy outcomes. Three cohorts were recruited: women with RA with incident MTX exposure, women with RA without MTX treatment, and women without RA. The main results of this analysis showed that women with RA, especially when treated with MTX, have a lower frequency of pregnancies than women without RA. Furthermore, women treated with MTX have a higher risk of spontaneous abortion (about twice as high) than the other two cohorts.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/78276
URN:NBN:IT:UNIMIB-78276