Ecosystems, through their normal functioning, provide a range of goods and services important for human well-being, which are collectively called ecosystem services (ES). Cities depend on ecosystems and their components to sustain long-term conditions for life. The provision of ecosystem services varies spatially across landscapes, determined by diverse human social, political and ecological interactions and it involves the analysis of the environment in an interdisciplinary perspective based on the integration of ecological and socio-economic dimensions. This study represented a multi-disciplinary research that focused on the analysis of multiple ecosystem services in the urban area of Milan (Italy) with particular regard to those provided in urban parks and forests. Five specific studies had been developed in order to analyse different ecosystem services related to biodiversity, pollution mitigation, organic C storage by soils, and cultural services.The first study proposed a methodology to spatially define the extent of the urban region (UR) of Milan. Landscape fragmentation and urban sprawl where quantified. Results revealed that the UR of Milan suffers of high degree of landscape fragmentation throughout the area, with the major fragmented territories in the north of the city Milan (Monza and Varese). Urban sprawl showed an increasing trend in the last 50 years, reaching alarming values to date. In the second study the role of urban forests in providing suitable habitats for biodiversity was analysed.It analysed which environmental features of the urban environment affected biodiversity patterns at different scales and how vegetation structure influenced the presence of different birds species. The study showed how the biodiversity patterns found can be explained by considering the effects of environmental features acting at different scales and that urban green areas can therefore be actively managed by foresters and city planners to preserve the biological diversity that they harbour. The third study represents a preliminary work that aimed at analyse the hydrocarbon-degrading potential of epiphytic microbial communities on Platanus x acerifolia, trees common used in an urban area. The fourth study deal with the estimation of organic C storage by urban soils of parks, forests and other typology of urban land covers. Mean C stock found for the urban soils of Milan was comparable to values found for the agricultural soils by previous studies. C stock was found higher for parks compared to other areas, but no clear differentiation has been found in order to define a typical C stock for each land cover or use type. Results highlight how the complex heterogeneity of urban soils together with the uncertainty of their origins, their history and management may summarize the reasons of the limitation in our capacity to model their characteristics. The fifth study analysed cultural ecosystem services (CES) perceived by citizen in one of the larger park of the study area (Parco Nord). The study aimed to present a methodology to integrate CES mapping (PPGIS) with decision support in land use planning. A comparison analysis with cultural benefits perceived by people and those intended to be provided by park management was performed. Results showed places in the park that had bundles of different values, and other places with clusters of the same value type. Comparison analysis revealed hotspot and coldspot of CES in terms of richness.
Gli ecosistemi attraverso il loro normale funzionamento offrono una gamma di beni e servizi importanti per il benessere umano, che sono chiamati collettivamente servizi ecosistemici (ES). Le città dipendono dagli ecosistemi e dei loro componenti per sostenere condizioni a lungo termine per la vita. La fornitura di servizi ecosistemici varia spazialmente attraverso paesaggi, determinata da diverse interazioni sociali, politiche ed ecologiche e coinvolge l'analisi dell'ambiente in una prospettiva interdisciplinare basata sull'integrazione delle dimensioni ecologiche e socio-economiche. Questo studio rappresenta una ricerca multidisciplinare che si è concentrata sull'analisi di molteplici servizi ecosistemici nell'area urbana di Milano (Italia), con particolare riguardo a quelli forniti dai parchi e dalle foreste urbane. Cinque studi specifici sono stati sviluppati al fine di analizzare i diversi servizi ecosistemici legati alla biodiversità, alla mitigazione dell'inquinamento, allo stoccaggio del C organico dei suoli urbani, e ai servizi culturali. Il primo studio ha proposto una metodologia per definire spazialmente l'estensione della regione urbana (UR) di Milano.La frammentazione del paesaggio e l'espansione urbana sono stati quantificati. I risultati hanno rivelato che la UR di Milano soffre di alto grado di frammentazione del paesaggio in tutta l'area, con i principali territori frammentati nel nord della città di Milano (Monza e Varese). L'espansione urbana ha mostrato una tendenza all'aumento negli ultimi 50 anni, raggiungendo valori allarmanti fino ad oggi. Nel secondo studio è stato studiato il ruolo delle foreste urbane nella fornitura di habitat idonei per la biodiversità. Sono state analizzate le caratteristiche ambientali del contesto urbano a diverse scale e come la struttura della vegetazione influenza la presenza di diverse specie di uccelli. Lo studio ha mostrato come i pattern di biodiversità trovati possono essere spiegati considerando gli effetti delle caratteristiche ambientali che agiscono a vari livelli e che le aree verdi urbane possono quindi essere gestite attivamente al fine di preservare la diversità biologica. Il terzo studio rappresenta un lavoro preliminare sul potenziale di degradazione di idrocarburi delle comunità microbiche epifite su Platanus x acerifolia, alberi comuni utilizzati in aree urbana. Il quarto studio stima lo stoccaggio del C organico (OC stock) dei terreni urbani dei parchi, foreste e altre tipologie di coperture del suolo urbano. OC stock medio trovato per i suoli urbani di Milano è paragonabile ai valori trovati per i terreni agricoli in Lombardia. OC stock è stato trovato più elevato per i parchi rispetto ad altre zone, ma senza una chiara differenziazione tra tipologie di area. I risultati evidenziano come la complessa eterogeneità dei suoli urbani insieme con l'incertezza delle loro origini, la loro storia e la gestione possono riassumere i limiti nella nostra capacità di modellare le loro caratteristiche. Il quinto studio ha analizzato i servizi ecosistemici culturali (CES) percepiti dai cittadini in uno dei più grandi parchi dell'area di studio (Parco Nord). Lo studio presenta una metodologia per utilizzare la mappatura CES (PPGIS) a supporto delle decisioni nella pianificazione territoriale. Un confronto con i benefici culturali percepiti da persone e quelli percepiti dalla direzione del parco ha mostrato luoghi nel parco con concentrazioni di valori diversi, e in altri luoghi con concentrazioni dello stesso tipo di valore e presenza di hotspot e coldspot di CES in termini di ricchezza.
MULTIPLE ECOSYSTEM SERVICES PROVIDED BY URBAN FORESTS IN THE URBAN AREA OF MILAN
CANEDOLI, CLAUDIA
2017
Abstract
Ecosystems, through their normal functioning, provide a range of goods and services important for human well-being, which are collectively called ecosystem services (ES). Cities depend on ecosystems and their components to sustain long-term conditions for life. The provision of ecosystem services varies spatially across landscapes, determined by diverse human social, political and ecological interactions and it involves the analysis of the environment in an interdisciplinary perspective based on the integration of ecological and socio-economic dimensions. This study represented a multi-disciplinary research that focused on the analysis of multiple ecosystem services in the urban area of Milan (Italy) with particular regard to those provided in urban parks and forests. Five specific studies had been developed in order to analyse different ecosystem services related to biodiversity, pollution mitigation, organic C storage by soils, and cultural services.The first study proposed a methodology to spatially define the extent of the urban region (UR) of Milan. Landscape fragmentation and urban sprawl where quantified. Results revealed that the UR of Milan suffers of high degree of landscape fragmentation throughout the area, with the major fragmented territories in the north of the city Milan (Monza and Varese). Urban sprawl showed an increasing trend in the last 50 years, reaching alarming values to date. In the second study the role of urban forests in providing suitable habitats for biodiversity was analysed.It analysed which environmental features of the urban environment affected biodiversity patterns at different scales and how vegetation structure influenced the presence of different birds species. The study showed how the biodiversity patterns found can be explained by considering the effects of environmental features acting at different scales and that urban green areas can therefore be actively managed by foresters and city planners to preserve the biological diversity that they harbour. The third study represents a preliminary work that aimed at analyse the hydrocarbon-degrading potential of epiphytic microbial communities on Platanus x acerifolia, trees common used in an urban area. The fourth study deal with the estimation of organic C storage by urban soils of parks, forests and other typology of urban land covers. Mean C stock found for the urban soils of Milan was comparable to values found for the agricultural soils by previous studies. C stock was found higher for parks compared to other areas, but no clear differentiation has been found in order to define a typical C stock for each land cover or use type. Results highlight how the complex heterogeneity of urban soils together with the uncertainty of their origins, their history and management may summarize the reasons of the limitation in our capacity to model their characteristics. The fifth study analysed cultural ecosystem services (CES) perceived by citizen in one of the larger park of the study area (Parco Nord). The study aimed to present a methodology to integrate CES mapping (PPGIS) with decision support in land use planning. A comparison analysis with cultural benefits perceived by people and those intended to be provided by park management was performed. Results showed places in the park that had bundles of different values, and other places with clusters of the same value type. Comparison analysis revealed hotspot and coldspot of CES in terms of richness.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/78285
URN:NBN:IT:UNIMIB-78285