Since the 1980s, welfare systems in Europe have been subjected to relevant and intertwined transformations. Progressive cutback in public funding has brought to a decline in the public provision of social services. Costs’ reduction has been promoted also introducing market-oriented principles and strategies in the public administrative body. Coherently with this view, stakeholders from the private and the not-for-profit sectors have been involved in the provision of welfare services. The reasons for this broadening are varied and they concern the need for financial resources coming from different sources as well as discourses on the greater effectiveness brought about by private organizations in solving widening societal problems. According to this position, the involvement of different stakeholders in welfare provision would allow to design and provide more tailored answers to the multifaceted needs of citizens. These organisations are thought to be more flexible than the public bureaucracy and more skilled to read social needs as they work closely to the scale where problems arise. Private organizations are not the only new actors involved in welfare governance and provision. A scale shift has occurred also between public powers, with local authorities gaining a pivotal role in the design, financing, and implementation of a wide range of welfare measures. This framework is further enriched by the new role assigned to citizens in building their social protection. The model of citizens as clients has been overcome by a more entrepreneurial view of people as co-producers of social services for themselves and the others. Dealing with social risks is increasingly a matter of citizens than of the state. The policy concept of activation coherently connects with and nourishes within this framework. The active citizen is responsible for himself and his community. More and more, citizens are asked to be active while accessing some welfare measures (conditionality). My focus in this research is on a specific segment of welfare policies, i.e. housing policies. My argument is that the main trajectories of change described for welfare in general can be seen in housing policies’ more recent transformations. Some concepts and ideas have become so pervasive that they are progressively entering and spreading in a policy field that is not considered unanimously a typical field of welfare. In particular, I focus on the increasing use of activation requests to access affordable housing solutions for specific categories of people. The interpretation I suggest is that activation in housing policies is linked to the diffusion of collaborative housing and vice versa. Activation is often a (implicit or explicit) prerequisite for collaboration in housing. However, collaboration in housing does not totally overlap with activation as collaborative housing encompasses various configurations, provisions, and values. In my theoretical framework of analysis, activation and collaborative housing share some characteristics and ambiguities. They both stress self-responsibilisation and individualisation. Their execution in policies and interventions move between two opposite ends of a continuum. At one extreme there is a democratic view of power redistribution within society through transformative practices; at the other end there are cost-cutting goals and approaches that support consensus rather than conflict and power redistribution in policy making. The risk for such experiences and policies to be co-opted by (and thus to reinforce) neoliberal principles within public policies is high and often hidden to housing practitioners who miss (or do not have time and methodological resources) to look critically at the macro framework. The risk is then focussing on the practices without framing them in the political and policy context, and overlooking risks concerning social justice and access to rights.
A partire dagli anni ’80, i sistemi di welfare in Europa sono stati soggetti a trasformazioni rilevanti e intrecciate. La progressiva riduzione dei finanziamenti pubblici ha portato ad una diminuzione della fornitura pubblica di servizi sociali. La riduzione dei costi è stata promossa anche introducendo principi e strategie orientate al mercato nella pubblica amministrazione. Gli stakeholder del settore privato e del no-profit sono stati coinvolti nella fornitura di servizi di welfare. Le ragioni di questo ampliamento sono varie e riguardano la necessità di risorse finanziarie provenienti da diverse fonti, nonché i discorsi sulla maggiore efficacia apportata dalle organizzazioni private nella risoluzione dei crescenti problemi sociali. Secondo questa posizione, il coinvolgimento di diversi soggetti nella fornitura di welfare consentirebbe di progettare e fornire risposte più personalizzate alle molteplici esigenze dei cittadini. Si ritiene che queste organizzazioni siano più flessibili della burocrazia pubblica e più capaci nel leggere i bisogni sociali poiché lavorano a stretto contatto con la scala in cui sorgono i problemi. Le organizzazioni private non sono gli unici nuovi attori coinvolti nella governance e nell’erogazione del welfare. Si è verificato un cambiamento di scala anche tra i poteri pubblici, con gli enti locali che hanno acquisito un ruolo centrale nella progettazione, nel finanziamento e nell’attuazione di un’ampia gamma di misure di welfare. Questo quadro è ulteriormente arricchito dal nuovo ruolo assegnato ai cittadini nella costruzione della propria protezione sociale. Il modello dei cittadini come clienti è stato superato da una visione più imprenditoriale delle persone come coproduttori di servizi sociali per sé e per gli altri. La gestione dei rischi sociali è sempre più una questione dei cittadini piuttosto che dello Stato. Il concetto di attivazione si collega coerentemente e si alimenta in questo quadro. Il cittadino attivo è responsabile di se stesso e della sua comunità. Sempre più spesso ai cittadini viene chiesto di essere attivi nell’accesso ad alcune misure di welfare (condizionalità). Il mio focus in questa ricerca è su un segmento specifico delle politiche di welfare, ovvero le politiche abitative. Le principali traiettorie di cambiamento descritte per il welfare in generale possono essere rintracciate nelle trasformazioni più recenti delle politiche abitative. In particolare mi concentro sul crescente utilizzo delle richieste di attivazione per accedere a soluzioni abitative a prezzi accessibili per specifiche categorie di persone. L’interpretazione che propongo è che l’attivazione nelle politiche abitative sia legata alla diffusione dell’housing collaborativo e viceversa. L’attivazione è spesso un prerequisito (implicito o esplicito) per la collaborazione nel settore abitativo. Tuttavia, la collaborazione non si sovrappone totalmente all’attivazione poiché l’abitare collaborativo comprende varie configurazioni, disposizioni e valori. L’attivazione e l’abitare collaborativo condividono alcune caratteristiche e ambiguità. Entrambi sottolineano l’auto-responsabilizzazione e l’individualizzazione. La loro attuazione nelle politiche e negli interventi si muove tra due estremi opposti di un continuum. Ad un estremo c’è una visione democratica della ridistribuzione del potere all’interno della società attraverso pratiche trasformative; dall’altro ci sono obiettivi e approcci di riduzione dei costi che sostengono il consenso piuttosto che il conflitto e la redistribuzione del potere nel processo decisionale. Il rischio che tali esperienze e politiche vengano cooptate dai (e quindi rafforzino) i principi neoliberisti all’interno delle politiche pubbliche è alto e spesso nascosto agli operatori del settore abitativo, col rischio di trascurare la giustizia sociale e l’accesso ai diritti.
Activation in housing policies. The role of temporary young residents in programs pursuing social mix in public housing neighbourhoods in Milan and Turin
CELA, MARIA CHIARA
2024
Abstract
Since the 1980s, welfare systems in Europe have been subjected to relevant and intertwined transformations. Progressive cutback in public funding has brought to a decline in the public provision of social services. Costs’ reduction has been promoted also introducing market-oriented principles and strategies in the public administrative body. Coherently with this view, stakeholders from the private and the not-for-profit sectors have been involved in the provision of welfare services. The reasons for this broadening are varied and they concern the need for financial resources coming from different sources as well as discourses on the greater effectiveness brought about by private organizations in solving widening societal problems. According to this position, the involvement of different stakeholders in welfare provision would allow to design and provide more tailored answers to the multifaceted needs of citizens. These organisations are thought to be more flexible than the public bureaucracy and more skilled to read social needs as they work closely to the scale where problems arise. Private organizations are not the only new actors involved in welfare governance and provision. A scale shift has occurred also between public powers, with local authorities gaining a pivotal role in the design, financing, and implementation of a wide range of welfare measures. This framework is further enriched by the new role assigned to citizens in building their social protection. The model of citizens as clients has been overcome by a more entrepreneurial view of people as co-producers of social services for themselves and the others. Dealing with social risks is increasingly a matter of citizens than of the state. The policy concept of activation coherently connects with and nourishes within this framework. The active citizen is responsible for himself and his community. More and more, citizens are asked to be active while accessing some welfare measures (conditionality). My focus in this research is on a specific segment of welfare policies, i.e. housing policies. My argument is that the main trajectories of change described for welfare in general can be seen in housing policies’ more recent transformations. Some concepts and ideas have become so pervasive that they are progressively entering and spreading in a policy field that is not considered unanimously a typical field of welfare. In particular, I focus on the increasing use of activation requests to access affordable housing solutions for specific categories of people. The interpretation I suggest is that activation in housing policies is linked to the diffusion of collaborative housing and vice versa. Activation is often a (implicit or explicit) prerequisite for collaboration in housing. However, collaboration in housing does not totally overlap with activation as collaborative housing encompasses various configurations, provisions, and values. In my theoretical framework of analysis, activation and collaborative housing share some characteristics and ambiguities. They both stress self-responsibilisation and individualisation. Their execution in policies and interventions move between two opposite ends of a continuum. At one extreme there is a democratic view of power redistribution within society through transformative practices; at the other end there are cost-cutting goals and approaches that support consensus rather than conflict and power redistribution in policy making. The risk for such experiences and policies to be co-opted by (and thus to reinforce) neoliberal principles within public policies is high and often hidden to housing practitioners who miss (or do not have time and methodological resources) to look critically at the macro framework. The risk is then focussing on the practices without framing them in the political and policy context, and overlooking risks concerning social justice and access to rights.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/78366
URN:NBN:IT:UNIMIB-78366