The object and the scope of the present work is to investigate some issues relating to the social sustainability of State sovereign debt and some weaknesses of the intervention programs to help the States in difficulties. Such loans, from both international financial organizations such as the International Monetary Fund or (in some cases) the World Bank, and other States (within the framework of informal meetings such as economic summits or, with respect to debt restructuring, the Paris and London clubs), are subject to the application of conditionality measures that, especially during the crisis of 2008-2010, have been characterised by austerity. The application of such measures has provoked a huge compression, and in some cases a violation, of certain human rights recognised by the main international treaties about human rights. Human rights monitoring bodies, some international organizations and some constitutional courts of the borrowed States have reported this problem, revealing how conditionality policies have not solved the crisis (if not temporarily) and have caused a lowering of the human rights standards beyond the limits allowed by international and domestic law. The International community, therefore, has questioned whether is configurable the responsibility of the international organizations that, during the sovereign debt crises, impose to the borrowing States, in order to get the loans, conditionality based on austerity measures destined to reduce human rights standards. In making this assessment, it is important to consider that, even if a State can impose regressive measures in the protection of human rights, when they are economically conditioned, it has to guarantee a minimum core standard identified by the international doctrine as insurmountable limit in human rights protection. Further scope of the present work is to analyse the responsibility regime of international financial organizations for the violations of human rights, on the basis of the Draft Articles on the Responsibility of International Organizations of 2011 and the international and domestic case law on the matter, to verify the international and domestic remedies available for the borrowing State and the individuals. If for the European Union institutions, such aspect is quite simple thanks to the presence within the organization of jurisdictional bodies, for other international organizations this matter is more complicated because of the uncertainties relating to international remedies and because of is still controversial in doctrine the international organizations immunity from domestic courts. This could be a potential obstacle to the judicial protection of individuals before a domestic court.
Oggetto e scopo del presente scritto è quello di approfondire alcune tematiche legate alla sostenibilità sociale del debito sovrano estero degli Stati e alle criticità dei programmi d’intervento a sostegno degli Stati in difficoltà. I finanziamenti agli Stati in difficoltà, provenienti tanto dalle organizzazioni internazionali finanziarie come il Fondo Monetario Internazionale o (in determinati casi) la Banca Mondiale, quanto da altri Stati (nell’ambito di riunioni informali come i vertici economici o, relativamente alla ristrutturazione del debito, i Club di Parigi e di Londra), infatti, sono subordinati all’applicazione di misure di condizionalità che, in particolar modo in occasione della crisi del 2008-2010, sono state improntate all’austerità. L’applicazione di tali misure ha causato un’eccessiva compressione e, in alcuni casi, a una violazione di taluni diritti riconosciuti agli individui dai principali trattati internazionali in materia di diritti umani. Gli organi di controllo sui diritti umani, determinate organizzazioni internazionali, nonché alcune corti costituzionali degli Stati beneficiari dei prestiti, hanno segnalato tale problematicità, rivelando come le politiche di condizionalità, non solo di fatto non abbiano risolto le crisi del debito sovrano se non in maniera temporanea, ma abbiano anche fatto abbassare gli standard di tutela dei diritti degli individui delle popolazioni coinvolte oltre i limiti consentiti dall’ordinamento internazionale e da taluni ordinamenti interni. Ciò ha portato la Comunità internazionale a chiedersi se fosse ipotizzabile configurare una responsabilità delle organizzazioni internazionali che, in occasione delle crisi del debito sovrano estero degli Stati, impongono a questi ultimi, per beneficiare dei prestiti, condizioni basate su politiche di austerity destinate a comprimere gli standard di tutela dei diritti degli individui. Tale valutazione va fatta anche alla luce del fatto che, sebbene uno Stato possa porre in essere misure regressive di tutela dei diritti umani, nella misura in cui essi siano finanziariamente condizionati, esso comunque è tenuto a garantire un minimum core standard (uno standard minimo di tutela), individuato dalla dottrina internazionalistica come limite invalicabile nella tutela dei diritti umani. Ulteriore obiettivo del presente scritto, pertanto, è quello di analizzare il regime di responsabilità delle organizzazioni economiche internazionali per le violazioni dei diritti umani conseguenti all’applicazione delle misure di austerità, sia alla luce dei Draft Articles on the Responsibility of International Organizations del 2011, nonché della giurisprudenza internazionale e interna in materia, per poi verificare in concreto i possibili rimedi (internazionali e interni) esperibili dallo Stato debitore e dagli individui. Se per le istituzioni dell’Unione europea tale aspetto appare più di semplice risoluzione grazie alla presenza di organi giurisdizionali interni all’organizzazione stessa, per le altre organizzazioni internazionali, la questione appare più complicata, a causa delle incertezze legate ai rimedi giurisdizionali internazionali e per le problematiche legate all’immunità delle organizzazioni internazionali dalla giurisdizione civile che, sebbene la dottrina sia ancora divisa al riguardo, costituiscono un potenziale impedimento alla tutela giurisdizionale dei diritti degli individui innanzi a una corte interna.
Organizzazioni finanziarie internazionali, gestione delle crisi del debito sovrano estero e rispetto dei diritti umani
COLLA' RUVOLO, Tobia
2021
Abstract
The object and the scope of the present work is to investigate some issues relating to the social sustainability of State sovereign debt and some weaknesses of the intervention programs to help the States in difficulties. Such loans, from both international financial organizations such as the International Monetary Fund or (in some cases) the World Bank, and other States (within the framework of informal meetings such as economic summits or, with respect to debt restructuring, the Paris and London clubs), are subject to the application of conditionality measures that, especially during the crisis of 2008-2010, have been characterised by austerity. The application of such measures has provoked a huge compression, and in some cases a violation, of certain human rights recognised by the main international treaties about human rights. Human rights monitoring bodies, some international organizations and some constitutional courts of the borrowed States have reported this problem, revealing how conditionality policies have not solved the crisis (if not temporarily) and have caused a lowering of the human rights standards beyond the limits allowed by international and domestic law. The International community, therefore, has questioned whether is configurable the responsibility of the international organizations that, during the sovereign debt crises, impose to the borrowing States, in order to get the loans, conditionality based on austerity measures destined to reduce human rights standards. In making this assessment, it is important to consider that, even if a State can impose regressive measures in the protection of human rights, when they are economically conditioned, it has to guarantee a minimum core standard identified by the international doctrine as insurmountable limit in human rights protection. Further scope of the present work is to analyse the responsibility regime of international financial organizations for the violations of human rights, on the basis of the Draft Articles on the Responsibility of International Organizations of 2011 and the international and domestic case law on the matter, to verify the international and domestic remedies available for the borrowing State and the individuals. If for the European Union institutions, such aspect is quite simple thanks to the presence within the organization of jurisdictional bodies, for other international organizations this matter is more complicated because of the uncertainties relating to international remedies and because of is still controversial in doctrine the international organizations immunity from domestic courts. This could be a potential obstacle to the judicial protection of individuals before a domestic court.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/78822
URN:NBN:IT:UNIMOL-78822