Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a lethal, autosomal recessive inherited genetic disease caused by mutation on the Cystic Fibrosis Trasmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR) gene encoding a cAMP-dependent channel protein that regulates transmembrane conduction of chloride, which is expressed on the apical membrane of epithelial cells. The basic defect of the airway epithelium in CF patients is due to a double defect in chloride secretion and sodium absorption that lead to an altered flow of fluids through the epithelium of the airways, resulting in an alteration of the airway’s mucociliary clearance, opportunistic bacterial infections, inflammation and severe lung damage. The main cause of morbidity and mortality is chronic inflammation affecting the lung. New drugs have been developed recently to act directly on the CFTR protein, in order to rescue the mutated CFTR processing and function. However, there are still mutations that still failed to be rescued by CFTR modulators. Cell therapy, on the other hand, being agnostic for mutation, has the possibility of being able to cure every patient. Recently have been investigated stem cells as potential therapeutic sources for CF. In addition to the bone marrow, stem cells derived from the amniotic membrane, human amniotic mesenchymal stem cells (hAMSC) are very promising as they express stem cells markers and can differentiate into respiratory epithelial cells when they are co-cultured with immortalized human bronchial epithelial cells (CFBE14o-), homozygous for the F508del allele, the most frequent mutation in CF. The co-cultures also show an increased processing and conductance of the CFTR protein and a partial correction of other basic defects associated with the disease. Since these results are obtained only in co-cultures, it has been assumed that direct contact between hAMSC and CFBE14o- is necessary for the recovery of these defects. One of the objectives of this thesis was to understand the role of intercellular communication, mediated by gap junctions (GJ), in co-cultures that were studied for the expression and functionality of the Cx43 protein, one of the main components of GJ, before and after their silencing, obtained using a siRNA directed against the mRNA of interest. The results highlighted the fundamental role of GJ in the correction of the basic defects associated with CF by hAMSC. It was further investigated which molecular messenger could be transmitted through the GJ and, possibly, mediate the therapeutic effect of hAMSC. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are also transferred across GJ and their involvement in the expression levels of the CFTR protein has been demonstrated. In particular, miRNA-138 increases the expression of the CFTR protein by interacting with the SIN3A protein. The levels of miRNA-138 were then investigated by droplet digital PCR. Preliminary data show that wild-type CFTR cells have higher levels of miRNA-138 than cells with F508del mutation and that there is an upward trend in co-cultures. A further objective of the study was to investigate whether hAMSC can speed up the regeneration of the airway bronchial epithelium and the closure of the injury that continuously form under the chronic inflammatory stimulus in the lungs of CF patients. The results demonstrate that hAMSC added to a wound induced on a monolayer of CFBE14o-, are able to repair the damage with the same timing required for a simulated wound on a monolayer of wild type CFTR bronchial epithelial cells. Taking to account the data generated in the current study, it indicates the possible therapeutic utility of hAMSC in lung disease associated with CF. However, further studies on their mechanism of action conducted in models with closer resemblance to human CF pathology are required.
La fibrosi cistica (FC) è una malattia genetica letale, autosomica recessiva, causata dalla mutazione del gene Cystic Fibrosis Trasmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR) che codifica per una proteina canale che regola la conduzione transmembrana di cloro, cAMP- dipendente, espressa sul lato apicale delle cellule epiteliali. Il difetto di base dell’epitelio respiratorio nei pazienti è duplice ossia riguarda la secrezione di cloro e l’assorbimento di sodio. Ne deriva un alterato flusso di fluidi attraverso l’epitelio, con alterata clearance mucociliare respiratoria, cicli di infezioni batteriche e infiammazione ed infine grave danno polmonare. Principale causa di morbilità e mortalità è l’infiammazione cronica che colpisce il polmone. Sono stati scoperti farmaci agenti direttamente sulla CFTR ma non riescono a risolvere il difetto associato a tutte le mutazioni responsabili della FC. La terapia cellulare, invece, essendo agnostica per la mutazione, ha la possibilità di poter curare ogni paziente. Oltre al midollo osseo, nuova promettente fonte di cellule staminali è la membrana amniotica, da cui derivano cellule stromali mesenchimali amniotiche umane (hAMSC) che esprimono marcatori di staminalità e possono differenziare in cellule epiteliali respiratorie quando co-coltivate con cellule epiteliali bronchiali umane immortalizzate (CFBE14o-), omozigoti per l’allele F508del, mutazione più frequente nella FC. Le co-colture mostrano un’aumentata espressione e funzionalità della CFTR e una parziale correzione di altri difetti di base associati alla FC. Poiché tali risultati vengono ottenuti solo nelle co-colture, è stato supposto che un contatto diretto tra hAMSC e CFBE14o- sia necessario per il recupero di tali difetti. Uno degli obiettivi di questa tesi è stato comprendere il ruolo della comunicazione intercellulare, mediata dalle gap junctions (GJ), nelle co-colture studiate per l’espressione e la funzionalità della proteina Cx43, una delle principali componenti delle GJ, silenziando o meno le stesse con un siRNA diretto contro l’mRNA di interesse. I risultati evidenziano il ruolo fondamentale delle GJ nella correzione dei difetti di base associati alla FC da parte delle hAMSC. Si è, quindi, indagato quale messaggero molecolare potesse essere trasmesso attraverso le GJ e, eventualmente, mediare l’effetto terapeutico delle hAMSC. Anche i microRNA (miRNA) vengono trasferiti attraverso le GJ ed è stato dimostrato il loro coinvolgimento nei livelli di espressione della CFTR. In particolare, miRNA-138 aumenta l’espressione della CFTR interagendo con la proteina SIN3A. Sono stati quindi studiati i livelli di miRNA-138 mediante droplet digital PCR. I dati preliminari mostrano come le cellule wild-type abbiano dei livelli più alti di miRNA-138 rispetto alle CFBE14o- con un trend all’aumento nelle co-colture. Ulteriore obiettivo è stato studiare se le hAMSC possano velocizzare la rigenerazione dell’epitelio respiratorio bronchiale e la chiusura delle lesioni che continuamente si formano sotto lo stimolo infiammatorio cronico nei polmoni dei pazienti con FC. I risultati dimostrano che le hAMSC aggiunte ad una ferita indotta su un monostrato di CFBE14o-, sono in grado di riparare il danno con la stessa tempistica richiesta ad una ferita simulata su monostrato di cellule epiteliali bronchiali wild type. Questi studi indicano la possibile utilità terapeutica delle cellule hAMSC nella malattia polmonare associata alla FC, sebbene ulteriori studi sul loro meccanismo d’azione e in modelli più vicini alla patologia umana siano necessari.
Possibile uso delle cellule staminali mesenchimali amniotiche come terapia nella fibrosi cistica
BECCIA, Elisa
2021
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a lethal, autosomal recessive inherited genetic disease caused by mutation on the Cystic Fibrosis Trasmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR) gene encoding a cAMP-dependent channel protein that regulates transmembrane conduction of chloride, which is expressed on the apical membrane of epithelial cells. The basic defect of the airway epithelium in CF patients is due to a double defect in chloride secretion and sodium absorption that lead to an altered flow of fluids through the epithelium of the airways, resulting in an alteration of the airway’s mucociliary clearance, opportunistic bacterial infections, inflammation and severe lung damage. The main cause of morbidity and mortality is chronic inflammation affecting the lung. New drugs have been developed recently to act directly on the CFTR protein, in order to rescue the mutated CFTR processing and function. However, there are still mutations that still failed to be rescued by CFTR modulators. Cell therapy, on the other hand, being agnostic for mutation, has the possibility of being able to cure every patient. Recently have been investigated stem cells as potential therapeutic sources for CF. In addition to the bone marrow, stem cells derived from the amniotic membrane, human amniotic mesenchymal stem cells (hAMSC) are very promising as they express stem cells markers and can differentiate into respiratory epithelial cells when they are co-cultured with immortalized human bronchial epithelial cells (CFBE14o-), homozygous for the F508del allele, the most frequent mutation in CF. The co-cultures also show an increased processing and conductance of the CFTR protein and a partial correction of other basic defects associated with the disease. Since these results are obtained only in co-cultures, it has been assumed that direct contact between hAMSC and CFBE14o- is necessary for the recovery of these defects. One of the objectives of this thesis was to understand the role of intercellular communication, mediated by gap junctions (GJ), in co-cultures that were studied for the expression and functionality of the Cx43 protein, one of the main components of GJ, before and after their silencing, obtained using a siRNA directed against the mRNA of interest. The results highlighted the fundamental role of GJ in the correction of the basic defects associated with CF by hAMSC. It was further investigated which molecular messenger could be transmitted through the GJ and, possibly, mediate the therapeutic effect of hAMSC. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are also transferred across GJ and their involvement in the expression levels of the CFTR protein has been demonstrated. In particular, miRNA-138 increases the expression of the CFTR protein by interacting with the SIN3A protein. The levels of miRNA-138 were then investigated by droplet digital PCR. Preliminary data show that wild-type CFTR cells have higher levels of miRNA-138 than cells with F508del mutation and that there is an upward trend in co-cultures. A further objective of the study was to investigate whether hAMSC can speed up the regeneration of the airway bronchial epithelium and the closure of the injury that continuously form under the chronic inflammatory stimulus in the lungs of CF patients. The results demonstrate that hAMSC added to a wound induced on a monolayer of CFBE14o-, are able to repair the damage with the same timing required for a simulated wound on a monolayer of wild type CFTR bronchial epithelial cells. Taking to account the data generated in the current study, it indicates the possible therapeutic utility of hAMSC in lung disease associated with CF. However, further studies on their mechanism of action conducted in models with closer resemblance to human CF pathology are required.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/79124
URN:NBN:IT:UNIMOL-79124