Small mammals are an extremely diverse non-taxonomic group, which provide many ecosystem services and play important ecological roles. Rodents and insectivores are generally characterized by small body size, high litter size, high prolificity, arboreal or fossorial habits. Some of them possess a specialized diet, a trait linked to climate and land-use changes vulnerability. Despite these characteristics make small mammal communities’ make good candidates as ecological indicators, few studies have explored this aspect, i.e. environmental factors affecting species composition and abundance, especially in Mediterranean ecosystems. My Ph.D. project was aimed at collecting and archiving a large data set on small mammal occurrences in south-central Italy, and investigating how they are affected by human activities at different spatial scales, from local (i.e. stand scale - forest management) to broad scale (i.e. landscape scale-land-cover/land-use change), and thus how this diverse group could be used as ecological indicator of human driven environmental changes. The specific aims of my Ph.D. project were: i) Developing of an open-access georeferenced database of small mammal occurrences, abundance, and functional traits based on owl-pellet data; ii) Analyzing the influence of micro-habitat characteristics and sustainable forest management practices on arboreal rodents to evaluate how these species could act as bio-indicator of alternative forest management practices. This project has a focus on a Molise region’ forested areas; iii) Investigating the relationships between small mammal communities and landscape heterogeneity at large geographic scale in three south-central Italian regions (Lazio, Abruzzo, and Molise). During my research project, I implemented and designed the first standardized and accessible georeferenced database of small mammal communities based on owl pellets covering the years 1972 to 2017, including nearly 2000 records for 190 sites of south-central Italy. The relational OpenMICE database has made more widely available a remarkable amount of small mammal data to the scientific community that usually are accessible only to a restricted audience. OpenMICE will likely help in gaining a better understanding of ecological processes occurring in human-impacted landscapes. It also filled part of the knowledge gap on small mammals’ occurrence in the study area to guide future sampling and conservation efforts. The results of my project may serve to prioritize conservation areas for small mammals and to design adaptive management of EU habitats and species. At a fine-scale, I investigated niche similarity of two forest dormice (Muscardinus avellanarius and Glis glis) in a mixed deciduous forest of Molise, and how accounting for imperfect detection can improve the statistical significance and interpretability of niche overlap estimates based on occurrence data. I combined two different modelling approaches: ‘Occupancy models’ and ‘General Linear Mixed Models’. Arboreal rodents were surveyed in a forest of south-central Italy, and relative abundances were compared to a set of forest structural factors and habitat requirements. The key output was the definition of species-specific habitat relationships that refined information on arboreal rodent species and their distribution, and their response to forest structure and practices. In such a perspective, our findings offered a methodological framework to assess the degree of forests naturalness and to explore effects of alternative forest management systems, highlighting the importance of sustainable use of forest products in maintaining crucial biodiversity resources. In a forest management context, our quantification of niche overlap provided useful information to assess the effects of different management practices on the occurrence of these arboreal species. At a broad-scale, the research project was focused on the effect of landscape composition and structure (i.e. measured by landscape metrics) on small mammal communities. This study will provide insights on the small mammal complex responses to habitat change from the community-level of view and represents a baseline to future predictions of possible trends under future scenarios. Finally, results may potentially provide a powerful method in support of management and planning options for land-use change mitigation and adaptation.
I piccoli mammiferi sono un gruppo non tassonomico estremamente diversificato che fornisce numerosi servizi ecosistemici e svolge una serie di importanti ruoli ecologici. Roditori ed insettivori sono generalmente caratterizzati da piccole dimensioni corporee, abitudini fossorie o arboricole e dalla dieta spesso altamente specializzata. Queste caratteristiche rendono alcune specie appartenenti a questo gruppo sensibili ai cambiamenti climatici e alle trasformazioni ambientali, quali le alterazioni di copertura ed uso di suolo. Malgrado i piccoli mammiferi vengano considerati dei buoni indicatori ecologici, ad oggi, sono pochi gli studi che hanno esplorato questo loro ruolo applicativo negli ecosistemi mediterranei. Il mio studio si è focalizzato sulla raccolta di un ampio set di dati di piccoli mammiferi nelle regioni dell’Italia centro-meridionale, sulla comprensione di come specie e comunità di piccoli mammiferi vengano influenzate dalle attività umane a diverse scale spaziali, partendo dalla scala locale (gestione forestale) a quella più ampia (land-use /land-cover) ed infine, come, queste specie possano essere utilizzate per monitorare cause e processi dei cambiamenti ambientali indotti dall’uomo. In dettaglio il mio progetto ha seguito i seguenti obiettivi: i) Raccolta e archiviazione di presenze, abbondanze e tratti ecologico-funzionali di piccoli mammiferi tramite dati provenienti da borre di rapaci notturni; ii) Analisi dell'influenza delle caratteristiche di microhabitat e delle pratiche di gestione forestale su due specie di roditori arboricoli nelle foreste del Bacino della Vandra (centro Italia); iii) Studio delle relazioni tra la diversità dei piccoli mammiferi ed eterogeneità di paesaggio su larga scala geografica. In particolare, è stata indagata l’influenza della configurazione spaziale del paesaggio su tali comunità. Nello specifico, il mio progetto di dottorato ha permesso di archiviare un ampio data set di presenze, abbondanze e tratti ecologico-funzionali per 23 specie di piccoli mammiferi coprendo un range temporale di 45 anni (1972 al 2017). Sono stati georeferenziati circa 50.000 individui in 190 siti dell'Italia centro-meridionale (Lazio, Abruzzo, Molise). La creazione del database relazionale openMICE ha colmato parte del gap conoscitivo per l’area mediterranea: ha permesso di sviluppare un database storico di informazioni potenzialmente utile alla comunità scientifica; ha reso fruibili ad un ampio pubblico numerosi dati di solito accessibili solo a specialisti; ha reso disponibili dati ecologici utili per future ricerche interessate a quantificare la perdita di biodiversità. A scala fine il mio studio ha sottolineato come l’uso dei modelli di “occupancy” possa migliorare la significatività statistica e l'interpretabilità della nicchia ecologica e del “niche overlap” (sovrapposizione della nicchia ecologica). Tale approccio ha permesso di discriminare strategie ecologiche alternative tra le due specie studiate. Il ghiro ha esibito una relazione significativa con le foreste ad alto fusto, mentre il moscardino ha mostrato preferenze per una varietà di tipi forestali. Queste differenze potrebbero essere dovute principalmente alle diverse abitudini alimentari e al grado di specializzazione delle due specie. In un contesto di gestione forestale, un'accurata quantificazione della sovrapposizione di nicchia permette di progettare pratiche mirate ad un uso sostenibile delle foreste che permetta di mantenere un’elevata diversità animale al loro interno. Poiché alcuni taxa sono più sensibili al cambiamento dell'habitat rispetto ad altri, un approccio multi-tassonomico potrebbe essere utile per valutare la risposta della biodiversità e per pianificare strategie di conservazione in paesaggi modificati dall'uomo. Il mio studio ha consentito di identificare e quantificare, come e se le comunità di piccoli mammiferi sono influenzate dalla composizione del paesaggio o dalla sua configurazione e se queste caratteristiche possono essere collegate al declino della ricchezza o dell’abbondanza specifica dei piccoli mammiferi stessi. I risultati del mio progetto, costituiscono una base di partenza per focalizzare aree prioritarie di conservazione per i piccoli mammiferi, guidare i futuri sforzi di campionamento e conservazione e sono un valido strumento per la gestione adattativa di specie e habitat nell’area Mediterranea.
Small mammals in a changing landscape: monitoring communities from local to large scale
PANICCIA, Chiara
2019
Abstract
Small mammals are an extremely diverse non-taxonomic group, which provide many ecosystem services and play important ecological roles. Rodents and insectivores are generally characterized by small body size, high litter size, high prolificity, arboreal or fossorial habits. Some of them possess a specialized diet, a trait linked to climate and land-use changes vulnerability. Despite these characteristics make small mammal communities’ make good candidates as ecological indicators, few studies have explored this aspect, i.e. environmental factors affecting species composition and abundance, especially in Mediterranean ecosystems. My Ph.D. project was aimed at collecting and archiving a large data set on small mammal occurrences in south-central Italy, and investigating how they are affected by human activities at different spatial scales, from local (i.e. stand scale - forest management) to broad scale (i.e. landscape scale-land-cover/land-use change), and thus how this diverse group could be used as ecological indicator of human driven environmental changes. The specific aims of my Ph.D. project were: i) Developing of an open-access georeferenced database of small mammal occurrences, abundance, and functional traits based on owl-pellet data; ii) Analyzing the influence of micro-habitat characteristics and sustainable forest management practices on arboreal rodents to evaluate how these species could act as bio-indicator of alternative forest management practices. This project has a focus on a Molise region’ forested areas; iii) Investigating the relationships between small mammal communities and landscape heterogeneity at large geographic scale in three south-central Italian regions (Lazio, Abruzzo, and Molise). During my research project, I implemented and designed the first standardized and accessible georeferenced database of small mammal communities based on owl pellets covering the years 1972 to 2017, including nearly 2000 records for 190 sites of south-central Italy. The relational OpenMICE database has made more widely available a remarkable amount of small mammal data to the scientific community that usually are accessible only to a restricted audience. OpenMICE will likely help in gaining a better understanding of ecological processes occurring in human-impacted landscapes. It also filled part of the knowledge gap on small mammals’ occurrence in the study area to guide future sampling and conservation efforts. The results of my project may serve to prioritize conservation areas for small mammals and to design adaptive management of EU habitats and species. At a fine-scale, I investigated niche similarity of two forest dormice (Muscardinus avellanarius and Glis glis) in a mixed deciduous forest of Molise, and how accounting for imperfect detection can improve the statistical significance and interpretability of niche overlap estimates based on occurrence data. I combined two different modelling approaches: ‘Occupancy models’ and ‘General Linear Mixed Models’. Arboreal rodents were surveyed in a forest of south-central Italy, and relative abundances were compared to a set of forest structural factors and habitat requirements. The key output was the definition of species-specific habitat relationships that refined information on arboreal rodent species and their distribution, and their response to forest structure and practices. In such a perspective, our findings offered a methodological framework to assess the degree of forests naturalness and to explore effects of alternative forest management systems, highlighting the importance of sustainable use of forest products in maintaining crucial biodiversity resources. In a forest management context, our quantification of niche overlap provided useful information to assess the effects of different management practices on the occurrence of these arboreal species. At a broad-scale, the research project was focused on the effect of landscape composition and structure (i.e. measured by landscape metrics) on small mammal communities. This study will provide insights on the small mammal complex responses to habitat change from the community-level of view and represents a baseline to future predictions of possible trends under future scenarios. Finally, results may potentially provide a powerful method in support of management and planning options for land-use change mitigation and adaptation.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
---|---|---|---|
Tesi_C_Paniccia.pdf
Open Access dal 22/11/2020
Dimensione
26.03 MB
Formato
Adobe PDF
|
26.03 MB | Adobe PDF | Visualizza/Apri |
I documenti in UNITESI sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/79377
URN:NBN:IT:UNIMOL-79377