This thesis presents a framework for examining women’s compliance with gender norms within the context of oppressive gender socialization. The focus is on patriarchal bargains, choices in which women conform to patriarchal norms to advance their interests. I seek to show that not only do women behave as autonomous and rational agents within the constraints of gendered norms because, through patriarchal bargains, they often comply with patriarchal norms to advance their interests, but that, given certain conditions, doing so is not always opposed to resisting gender norms and promoting feminist progress. At times patriarchal bargains can even be interpreted as an indirect act of resistance to gendered oppression – what I define as prospective resistance. I see my reframing of this phenomenon as belonging to non-ideal approaches to normative questions of justice. Therefore, in Chapter 1, I explain why I employ this approach throughout my research. Chapter 2 addresses feminist scepticism about the autonomous character of patriarchal bargains and distinguishes between causally and constitutively relational accounts of autonomy. It advocates for a reframing of the ‘feminist intuition’, which expresses a concern about the social construction of preferences in gender-oppressive contexts and the relationship that they sustain, by adopting a collectively deliberated perfectionist account of human flourishing. Chapter 3 challenges self-centred and membership-based arguments of rationality against patriarchal bargains. It shows that these arguments end up victim-blaming and imposing supererogatory acts of resistance on women. Chapter 4 tackles the issue of assigning responsibility for structural injustice by drawing on Iris Marion Young’s Social Connection Model, which introduces a collective and political understanding of responsibility that aims at sidestepping the pitfalls of victim-blaming and imposing supererogatory duties on the oppressed. Chapter 5 applies the non-ideal approach to women’s compliance with gender norms in the context of public controversies over body modifications, such as breast augmentation and hymenoplasty. These practices are examined through the lens of patriarchal bargaining, which provides a nuanced assessment that avoids burdening oppressed women further.
Nel mio lavoro di tesi, propongo una cornice normativa volta a rivalutare il fenomeno dell'adesione delle donne a norme di genere di carattere oppressivo, in un contesto di socializzazione di genere. Utilizzo il concetto di ‘patriarchal bargain’, una forma di negoziazione con il patriarcato, per evidenziare come le donne spesso agiscano in modo autonomo e razionale, venendo a patti con i vincoli imposti dall'oppressione di genere per realizzare i propri interessi. L'adesione alle norme di genere viene, dunque, reinterpretata come una possibilità di recuperare la propria agency in modo strategico, considerando il contesto non-ideale di sfondo, anziché essere vista come mera acquiescenza all'oppressione. Sostengo inoltre che, in determinate condizioni, questa negoziazione non debba necessariamente contrapporsi a forme di resistenza e progresso in una prospettiva femminista, ma possa essere vista come un atto di resistenza indiretta all'oppressione, definito come ‘resistenza prospettica’. Il tentativo di rivalutare il fenomeno dell'adesione alle norme di genere riflette un approccio non-ideale alle questioni normative. Il Capitolo 1 è quindi dedicato alla ricostruzione del dibattito sulla teoria ideale e non-ideale e alla giustificazione dell'utilizzo della seconda per esaminare il tema dell'adesione alle norme di genere. Nel Capitolo 2, affronto lo scetticismo femminista riguardo al carattere autonomo dei patriarchal bargains, distinguendo tra teorie causalmente relazionali dell'autonomia e teorie costitutivamente relazionali. Propongo una ridefinizione della ‘feminist intuition’, secondo cui la socializzazione di genere e i rapporti di genere sono incompatibili con l'autonomia del soggetto agente, basandola su una concezione perfezionista di flourishing, risultante da un processo di deliberazione pubblica. Il Capitolo 3 risponde alle critiche sul carattere razionale dei patriarchal bargains (self-centered e membership-based arguments of rationality). Sostengo che tali critiche legittimino il victim-blaming e impongano atti di resistenza supererogatori ai soggetti più vulnerabili, in contesti di oppressione. Il Capitolo 4 affronta l'attribuzione di responsabilità per l'ingiustizia strutturale, basandosi sul Social Connection Model di Iris Marion Young (2011). Quest’ultimo definisce i doveri individuali sulla base alle circostanze specifiche del soggetto agente, evitando così sia forme di victim-blaming che di supererogazione. Infine, il Capitolo 5 applica l'approccio non-ideale all'adesione alle norme di genere nel contesto delle controversie pubbliche sulla chirurgia estetica e la ricostruzione dell'imene.
Un approccio non-ideale al fenomeno della compliance con le norme di genere
CESARANO, FRANCESCA
2024
Abstract
This thesis presents a framework for examining women’s compliance with gender norms within the context of oppressive gender socialization. The focus is on patriarchal bargains, choices in which women conform to patriarchal norms to advance their interests. I seek to show that not only do women behave as autonomous and rational agents within the constraints of gendered norms because, through patriarchal bargains, they often comply with patriarchal norms to advance their interests, but that, given certain conditions, doing so is not always opposed to resisting gender norms and promoting feminist progress. At times patriarchal bargains can even be interpreted as an indirect act of resistance to gendered oppression – what I define as prospective resistance. I see my reframing of this phenomenon as belonging to non-ideal approaches to normative questions of justice. Therefore, in Chapter 1, I explain why I employ this approach throughout my research. Chapter 2 addresses feminist scepticism about the autonomous character of patriarchal bargains and distinguishes between causally and constitutively relational accounts of autonomy. It advocates for a reframing of the ‘feminist intuition’, which expresses a concern about the social construction of preferences in gender-oppressive contexts and the relationship that they sustain, by adopting a collectively deliberated perfectionist account of human flourishing. Chapter 3 challenges self-centred and membership-based arguments of rationality against patriarchal bargains. It shows that these arguments end up victim-blaming and imposing supererogatory acts of resistance on women. Chapter 4 tackles the issue of assigning responsibility for structural injustice by drawing on Iris Marion Young’s Social Connection Model, which introduces a collective and political understanding of responsibility that aims at sidestepping the pitfalls of victim-blaming and imposing supererogatory duties on the oppressed. Chapter 5 applies the non-ideal approach to women’s compliance with gender norms in the context of public controversies over body modifications, such as breast augmentation and hymenoplasty. These practices are examined through the lens of patriarchal bargaining, which provides a nuanced assessment that avoids burdening oppressed women further.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Cesarano - PhD Dissertation (final).pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/87640
URN:NBN:IT:UNISR-87640