Nowadays, companies find themselves working in a market characterized by a climate of uncertainty: customer needs change quickly and the markets are becoming more and more competitive. It is therefore important for companies to find ways to adapt with a certain reactivity, in order not to be overcome by the competition. Parallel to the evolution of the markets, there is an explosion in the amount of information that can be found both inside and outside the boundaries of the company, which is facilitated by the spread of computer networks and distributed systems, the first among them being the Internet. The need to manage information in a rational and organic way and the prospect of having to supply increasingly personalized goods and services, has led the companies to review their processes and their way of operating by relying on information systems. These are no longer simple information management software programs, but real active tools, a source of competitive advantage. We are talking about ERP, Enterprise Resource Planning, IT packages capable of integrating all the operational and administrative processes on a corporate basis. Integrated functionality systems supporting not only planning, but the entire decision-making dimension: they support business management in all its areas, from accounting to personnel management, from customer relations to suppliers and warehouses. Integration is possible not only thanks to particular (certain se vuoi lasciare particular sotto) software architectures, but also thanks to the fact that ERPs incorporate the "best practices", i.e. the most common process practices found/employed in excellent companies. More precisely, most of the most widespread systems consist of a central software core and the possibility of adding optional peripheral software modules, each concerning the management of a particular specific business area of defined competences (e.g. accounting, materials management, planning, production, etc.). Implementing an ERP system means "rethinking and changing" a company's way of acting; as a matter of fact, a transformation of a company involves an operational, strategic and inter-company plan. Thanks to the prescriptive feature, ERPs impose on the company a set of procedures that become simple and linear routines, eliminating the barriers between functions, and make the organization more agile and reactive. The implementation activity is very critical and delicate and can take a very long time, sometimes even more than 20 months. Other aspects that express the criticality of the project are the high costs to be incurred, the inclusion of the people involved in the process/project and the possibility of failure. Bearing in mind the above-described factors, in the first and second part of the thesis the concept of the ERP system will be studied in depth, defining its structure, evolution, advantages, limits and implementation phases, with particular reference to the process Reengineering phase, i.e. the redesign of the business processes. Finally, in the third and last part of the thesis, the project carried out at the companies of the "Bronzini Group" during the research doctorate will be presented. The project was developed as follows: In the first year: in-depth study of the currently available techniques, in order to understand how to improve them or replace them with innovative techniques. In the second year: configuration of the information system necessary for the implementation of these techniques and/or new techniques designed ad hoc into the business. In the third year: the implementation and subsequent analysis of the results achieved. This case study describes a project aimed at introducing a new latest-generation computer system with high-performance hardware, software (ERP) from the Microsoft Dynamics Navision 2015 package, capable of synergistically integrating all business processes and interconnections with the online world, which provides for a complete implementation in 2019. The analysis of the paper proposes an in-depth study of the situation in which the company presents itself, both in terms of activity and information, thus obtaining a “map” of the existing processes (called AS-IS). Thus, the needs and criticalities of the current management of the activities are noted, in order to outline the objectives to be pursued through the implementation of the new ERP system (TO-BE analysis). Finally, the GAP ANALYSIS is presented, as a comparison of the difference between the starting situation with the old management and the future perspective with the new solution adopted by the company. By implementing/using a new management system, the "Bronzini Group" aims to extend the process control to all the business areas involved and improve the entire flow of order management, from budgeting to invoicing and subsequent archiving and historical data management. The ultimate goal is to be able to provide a new tool in which all information is available to the people involved in the process/project, in order to optimize time and results and guarantee safety at work. Adapting innovative processes allows to obtain. • Reduction of the resources consumed, therefore also a cost reduction; • Reduction of the time of necessary for the execution of maintenance processes; • Improvement of the operativity/effectiveness of specialized personnel, also from the point of view of operational safety; • Improvement of the customers’ assets undergoing maintenance, in terms of efficiency and environmental sustainability, productivity and safety at work; • Improvement of the overall service rendered to the customer, in terms of quality and professionalism, with consequent increase in competitiveness. Until a few years ago, companies were practically forced to create their information software like a tailored suit, commissioning software houses for that job, while today the case of purchasing “pre-packaged” ERP packages adaptable to the company’s needs through a process of "parameterization" is prevalent. The advantages offered by the latter are considerable, since the proposed solutions are the result of in-depth studies and advanced theories of information and management and, above all, have already been tested in other companies. The fixed costs of design and development are divided based on the number of packages produced and do not fall entirely on the ordering company. In the design and development of their products, the manufacturers of ERP consider the company as a whole and its processes, and not the individual functions, as was the case with the vast majority of software created ad hoc by smaller companies. Starting from these assumptions it is clear why it is noted that large companies are definitely moving towards the standard industrialized ERP systems. This is not the case with small companies, which prefer to purchase non-ERP systems and have tailor-made systems built by minor software houses at much lower costs than the “big” ERP. Small and medium-sized companies are therefore faced with the most difficult choice: having to decide whether to adopt a customized system or an ERP package. However, it is important for these companies to understand that, with the same functionality, a system custom-built by a software house certainly costs more than an equivalent pre-packaged one (meglio one se non è proprio necessario dire package, cioè se in questo caso sistema e pacchetto sono la stessa cosa). Starting from this consideration, it is clear that spending more money on an ERP system than on an ad hoc system means having a much higher number of features. These may seem superfluous at the time of purchase, but they are actually a guarantee of support for when the company has grown. Therefore, in the comparison between industrialized ERPs and specific tailor-made systems, it is necessary to take into account not only the cost, but also the opportunities represented and the investments that the company will have to sustain in the future to equate the functions of a specific system with those that an ERP system already contains. Some market researches certainly small and medium-sized companies in this direction and that is why all the major ERP manufacturers have already started to contend for this market sector. Having made the appropriate economic assessments and having taken the decision of which system to adopt, the real critical point, important to highlight in this work, is that, when choosing an ERP system to introduce into the company, it is not easy to immediately evaluate all the advantages because the results are not immediate either. My experience in the “Bronzini Group” goes precisely in this direction: having made the appropriate economic assessments, the decision was taken to adopt an ERP system designed to "adapt" to the needs of the company and therefore flexible and able to improve everything that revolves around each individual business process, including an increase in the company knowledge. However, with the non-immediate results and some problems that arose at the time of the introduction into the business, new needs not foreseen in the initial project arose continuously. This is because reproducing a company system on "paper" is one thing, but reproducing it in the new reality is another. Not all the problems can be foreseen and therefore the fundamental factor must be the ability to be able to manage the new critical issues, relying on reliable partners and trusting in a prepared and solid company structure. Regarding the choice of a reliable partner: the preliminary analysis carried out is adequate and with a very high degree of detail. The expected benefits reflect the mission, which, in fact, places the priority on transforming the need to respond to new market requirements into opportunities for renewal, and it is through the use of a new ERP that the “Bronzini Group” aims to improve its business and increase its competitive capacity in the long term despite the implementation difficulties that this ERP entails. Microsoft Dynamics, for example is a relatively simple system both in terms of installation and use because it maintains the operating logic of all Microsoft software that is distributed on a global scale and that everyone is already familiar with. On the other hand, however, even though the functions provided by Dynamics are numerous, it is not possible to model all the business processes through this ERP. All things considered, Microsoft Dynamics turns out to be a fairly stable system, light and easy to use, perfectly integrated with all Microsoft tools (e.g. Office) and does not require months of training for an operator to be able to use it. Installing an ERP system involves a number of factors that are to be considered at the time of purchase since it is not a simple software that is installed on the client side, the license is paid, and everything is solved. The installation of an ERP system requires an analysis of business processes in order to model them, and this implicates a big change in the work methodology of the company, which, however, is necessary to obtain a good competitive advantage in terms of profit margins. It is fundamental to understand first what is more convenient: a light system with less functionality or one that is complete but more complex to use – if this analysis is not done on time, there is a great risk of losing a lot of money. Another aspect that is not to be underestimated is the pre-implementation phase, where it is critical to identify the needs (analysis of business processes) that should be fulfilled. If from the beginning, during the planning phase, a careful analysis of one's own needs is carried out, involving the main corporate figures, one can be sure that the probability of successful introduction of the ERP will be high. The critical point of the project was in fact the involvement of the company staff in the analysis and the modification/improvement phase of the business processes because it had such an innovative and revolutionary impact on the existing operating structure that it was not always easy to involve the corporate figures responsible for the process in the right way. The implementation project for a new innovative integrated information system has involved performing a series of internal "research and development" activities in collaboration with external Logical System personnel aimed at: a) design and development of new innovative processes b) acquisition, combination, structuring and use of existing scientific, technological and commercial knowledge and skills in order to produce plans, projects or designs for new, modified or improved products, processes or services. The project was born from the company's need to computerize various processes, in order to automate and standardize information flows, save time, minimize errors and eliminate all the customization of documentation, descriptions and procedures inherent in manual management. When the project was started, and still, in the current state of the art, on the market, there is no system capable of covering all the activities that the “Bronzini Group” manages, which are different for each area of activity. Therefore, the only viable solution for computerization was, and remains, to develop a customized system. We are moving from an "information technology" characterized by a scarcity of data, to a new and innovative one that has an abundance of data, which can be increasingly acquired automatically, with speed of exchange and communication in exponential growth, and with globalized access to information. Furthermore, the type of information handled is also changing significantly. Today, the information is all multimedia and hypermedia – that is a composition of information elements of different types (text, images, videos, sounds, procedures, programs and so on) – and these information aggregates can be interconnected with each other by creating a semantic network with high complexity and without dimensional limits, which can also bring hidden aspects to the surface, in essence it can make knowledge emerge automatically. Finally, we cannot overlook the fact that the current automated systems are no longer limited to the task of preserving bits, which must however be interpreted by "humans" so that they are recognized as information. The current automated systems can now act on the basis of the information already present in the system and processed automatically, producing a direct impact on the reality of the "humans", without their aid. Today the project has led to the development of new, completely innovative technical solutions that are already having a very significant impact in the management process of the various branches of activity of the company, especially in the maintenance sector. The project involved: - Internal resources of all the various company areas, for the analysis of the flows and the design of the block diagrams of the various specific procedures; - Technical and project management sectors, for the software development; - External IT consultants, for the design of the software, platforms and interfaces. The project, started in 2015, is currently in full development phase. Given the enormous investment already made in this area and considering that there is no tool on the market able to satisfy all the needs of their business, the company has anyway deemed appropriate to invest additional resources in developing the system so that it works correctly and effectively and automates all business processes in the medium/long term.
Oggi giorno le imprese si trovano a lavorare in un mercato caratterizzato da un clima di incertezza: le esigenze del cliente variano velocemente e i mercati sono sempre più competitivi. Risulta quindi importante per le aziende trovare il modo di adeguarsi con una certa reattività, per non vedersi superare dalla concorrenza. Parallelamente all’evoluzione dei mercati, si può delineare un’esplosione della quantità di informazione reperibile sia all’interno che all’esterno dei confini dell’impresa, agevolata dalla diffusione delle reti di computer e dei sistemi distribuiti, primo tra tutti Internet. L’esigenza di gestire l’informazione in modo razionale ed organico e la prospettiva di dover fornire beni e servizi sempre più personalizzati, ha spinto le aziende a rivedere i propri processi e il proprio modo di operare affidandosi ai sistemi informativi. Non più semplici software per la gestione delle informazioni, ma veri e propri strumenti attivi, fonte di vantaggio competitivo. Si parla di ERP, Enterprise Resource Planning, package informatici capaci di integrare su base aziendale l’insieme dei processi operativi e amministrativi. Sistemi integrati di funzionalità a supporto non solo della pianificazione, ma dell’intera dimensione decisionale: supportano la gestione aziendale in tutte le sue aree, dalla contabilità alla gestione del personale, dalle relazioni con i clienti ai fornitori e magazzini. L’integrazione è possibile non soltanto grazie a particolari architetture software, ma anche grazie al fatto che gli ERP incorporano le “best practices”, ovvero le prassi di processo più diffuse nelle imprese eccellenti. Più precisamente, la maggior parte dei sistemi più diffusi sono costituiti da un nucleo software centrale e dalla possibilità di aggiungere moduli software periferici opzionali, ciascuno riguardante la gestione di una particolare area aziendale di competenze definite (es. contabilità, gestione materiali, pianificazione, produzione, ecc.). Implementare un sistema ERP significa “ripensare e cambiare” il modo di agire di un’impresa; la trasformazione dell’azienda coinvolge, infatti, il piano operativo, strategico e interaziendale. Grazie alla caratteristica di prescrittività, gli ERP impongono all’azienda un insieme di procedure che diventano semplici e lineari routine, eliminando le barriere tra funzioni, e rendono l’organizzazione più agile e reattiva. L’attività di implementazione è molto critica e delicata e può richiedere tempi molto lunghi, anche oltre i 20 mesi. Altri aspetti che esprimono la criticità del progetto sono gli elevati costi da sostenere, la condivisone da parte delle persone e la possibilità di fallimento. Tenendo in evidenza i fattori sopra descritti, nella prima e seconda parte della tesi sarà approfondito il concetto di sistema ERP, definendone struttura, evoluzione, vantaggi, limiti e fasi di implementazione, con particolare riferimento alla fase di Reengineering di processo, ossia la riprogettazione dei processi aziendali. Nella terza e ultima parte della tesi, sarà presentato il progetto svolto durante il dottorato di ricerca presso le aziende del “Gruppo Bronzini” sviluppatosi nel seguente modo: Nel primo anno: studio approfondito delle tecniche attualmente disponibili al fine di capire come migliorarle o eventualmente sostituirle con tecniche innovative. Nel secondo anno: configurazione del sistema informativo necessario all’implementazione nell’ambito aziendale di queste tecniche e/o di nuove tecniche progettate ad hoc. Nel terzo anno: la messa a regime e quindi l’analisi dei risultati conseguiti. Tale case study descrive così un progetto di introduzione di un nuovo sistema informatico di ultima generazione con hardware performante, software (ERP) del pacchetto Microsoft Dynamics Navision 2015 capace di integrare in modo sinergico tutti i processi di business e interconnessioni con il mondo on line e che prevede la completa realizzazione nell’anno 2019. L’analisi dell’elaborato propone uno studio approfondito della situazione in cui si presenta l’azienda, sia a livello di attività che di informazioni, ottenendo così una mappatura dei processi esistenti (denominata AS-IS). Da questa si rilevano le esigenze e le criticità dell’attuale gestione delle attività, per poi delineare gli obiettivi (analisi TO-BE) da perseguire attraverso l’implementazione del nuovo sistema ERP. Infine la GAP ANALYSIS come confronto dello scostamento tra situazione di partenza con il vecchio gestionale e la prospettiva futura con la nuova soluzione adottata dall’azienda. Dotandosi di un nuovo sistema gestionale, il “Gruppo Bronzini” si propone difatti di ampliare il controllo di processo a tutte le aree aziendali coinvolte e migliorare l’intero flusso di gestione della commessa, dalla preventivazione alla fatturazione e successiva archiviazione e gestione storica dei dati. L’obiettivo finale è di riuscire a dare un strumento nuovo dove tutte le informazioni sono a disposizione di chi lavora per ottimizzare tempi e risultati e la garanzia di un lavoro in sicurezza. Arrivare quindi ad adottare processi innovativi che permettano di ottenere: Riduzione delle risorse consumate, quindi anche di abbattimento di costi Riduzione, e insieme garanzia, dei tempi di esecuzione delle manutenzioni Miglioramento dell’operatività del personale specializzato anche dal punto di vista della sicurezza operativa Miglioramento degli asset dei clienti, sottoposti a manutenzione, dal punto di vista dell’efficienza e della sostenibilità ambientale, della produttività e della sicurezza sul lavoro. Miglioramento del servizio complessivo reso al cliente, per qualità e professionalità, con conseguente aumento di competitività. Il gruppo Bronzini nato nel 1989, offre il proprio servizio di manutenzione ordinaria, straordinaria e predittiva ai macchinari, impianti e attrezzature di clienti del settore Petrolchimico, Alimentare, Saccarifero e nell’industria cartaria e navale, quali Api Raffineria, Fincantieri, Acraf Angelini, Fileni ecc,. Successivamente, nel 2000, la costante attenzione alle esigenze dei propri clienti, le peculiarità di specifiche lavorazioni e la volontà di presentare un servizio sempre più completo e innovativo, porta l’imprenditor, Gianfranco Bronzini, allo sviluppo dell’attività di noleggio, inizialmente specializzata nella fornitura di macchine ed attrezzature di supporto all’attività manutentiva, ma che in breve, a seguito dei brillanti risultati ottenuti, diventa una Divisione a se stante in grado di autoalimentare gli ingenti investimenti necessari al proprio sviluppo. Si aggiunge così un altro Business unit: il Rental con formula “full service” e il processo di manutenzione del proprio parco mezzi con risorse proprie interne altamente specializzate. Questo caso di implementazione di un nuovo ERP si sviluppa quindi nella peculiare e complicata realtà del Gruppo, che gestisce circa 18.000 commesse l’anno, con processi aventi caratteristiche anche molto differenti tra loro a seconda della tipologia di attività e divisi per i seguenti settori: 8400 commessa per mezzi e attrezzature 3600 commessa per Petrolchimico 3000 commessa per il Navale 2400 commessa per Alimentare, farmaceutico Fino a qualche anno fa, le aziende erano praticamente obbligate a crearsi il software informativo come un vestito su misura, commissionando l’opera a delle software houses, mentre oggi è prevalente il caso dell’acquisto di pacchetti ERP “preconfezionati” ed adattabili alle specifiche esigenze dell’azienda attraverso la loro “parametrizzazione”. I vantaggi offerti da questi ultimi sono notevoli, poiché le soluzioni proposte sono il risultato di studi approfonditi e di avanzate teorie dell’informazione e del managment e soprattutto sono già state testate in altre aziende. I costi fissi di progettazione e produzione sono ripartiti sul numero di pacchetti prodotti e non ricadono interamente sull’azienda commissionante. Le case produttrici di ERP hanno, nella progettazione e produzione dei loro prodotti, un’ottica rivolta all’azienda nel suo complesso ed ai suoi processi, non alle singole funzioni, come succedeva nella stragrande maggioranza dei software creati ad hoc da imprese minori. Partendo da questi presupposti è chiaro perché si rileva che le grandi aziende vanno decisamente verso i sistemi ERP industrializzati standard. Non è così, invece, per le piccole aziende, che preferiscono acquistare sistemi non ERP e farsi costruire sistemi su misura da software houses minori a costi decisamente più leggeri rispetto al “grande” ERP. Sono perciò le aziende di medio-piccole dimensioni a trovarsi di fronte alla scelta più difficile: decidere cioè se adottare un sistema su misura o un pacchetto ERP. Tuttavia per queste aziende è importante capire come, a parità di funzionalità un sistema costruito su misura da una software house costi sicuramente di più dell’equivalente pacchetto preconfezionato. Partendo da questa considerazione, è chiaro che spendere una cifra maggiore in un sistema ERP rispetto ad un sistema ad hoc, ha il significato di acquisire un numero di funzionalità molto più elevato. Queste potrebbero sembrare superflue al momento dell’acquisto, ma sono in realtà una garanzia di supporto anche per quando l’azienda sarà cresciuta. Pertanto, nel confronto tra ERP industrializzati e sistemi specifici fatti su misura, bisognerà tenere conto oltre che del costo, anche delle opportunità rappresentate e degli investimenti che l’azienda si troverà a dover sostenere in futuro per equiparare le funzionalità del sistema specifico a quelle che il sistema ERP già contiene. Alcune ricerche di mercato danno certo il passo delle piccole-medie imprese in questa direzione ed è per questo che tutte le principali case produttrici di ERP si sono già messe in corsa per contendersi questo settore di mercato. Fatte le opportune valutazioni economiche e presa la decisione di quale sistema adottare, il vero punto critico, importante da mettere in luce con questo lavoro, è che quando si sceglie per l’introduzione in azienda di un sistema ERP non è facile valutare subito tutti i vantaggi perchè i risultati non sono immediati. La mia esperienza vissuta all’interno del Gruppo Bronzini va proprio in questa direzione. Fatte le opportune valutazioni economiche è stata presa la decisione di adottare un sistema ERP pensato per “adattarsi” alle esigenze dell’azienda e quindi flessibile e capace di migliorare tutto ciò che ruota attorno ad ogni singolo processo aziendale, incluso un aumento del knowledge aziendale. Tuttavia, i risultati non immediati e alcune problematiche sorte al momento dell’introduzione nel business ha comportato un continuo sorgere di necessità non previste nel progetto iniziale. Questo perché riprodurre un sistema aziendale su “carta” è una cosa, ma riprodurlo nella nuova realtà è un’altra. Non tutte le problematiche possono essere previste e quindi fattore fondamentale deve essere la capacità di saper gestire le nuove criticità , appoggiandosi a partner affidabili e confidando su una struttura aziendale preparata e solida. Per quanto riguarda la scelta di un partner affidabile: l’analisi preliminare svolta risulta adeguata e con un grado di dettaglio molto elevato. I benefici attesi, rispecchiano la mission, infatti essa pone la priorità nel trasformare la necessità di rispondere alle nuove esigenze del mercato in opportunità di rinnovamento, ed è proprio tramite l’utilizzo di un nuovo ERP che il Gruppo Bronzini vuole migliorare il proprio business ed aumentare la propria capacità competitiva nel lungo periodo nonostante le difficoltà implementative che questo ERP comporta. Microsoft Dynamics invece risulta essere un sistema più semplice sia per quanto riguarda l’installazione sia per l’utilizzo perché conserva la logica di funzionamento di tutti i software Microsoft che sono distribuiti su scala mondiale e che ormai tutti conoscono. D’altra parte però è vero che le funzionalità fornite da Dynamics sono tante ma attraverso questo ERP non è possibile modellare tutti i processi aziendali. Microsoft Dynamics risulta essere un sistema abbastanza stabile, leggero di facile utilizzo perfettamente integrato con tutti gli strumenti di Microsoft ( ad esempio Office) e che non richiede mesi di training per poterlo utilizzare. l’installazione di un sistema ERP comporta una serie di fattori che sono da calcolare al momento dell’acquisto poiché non è un semplice software che si installa lato client, si paga la licenza e tutto è risolto. L’ installazione di un sistema ERP necessita un’analisi dei processi aziendali ai fini di una modellazione degli stessi e questo significa un grosso cambiamento nella metodologia di lavoro dell’azienda, necessario per ottenere un buon vantaggio competitivo in termini di margini di guadagno, e risulta fondamentale capire prima se è conveniente un sistema leggero ma con meno funzionalità oppure un sistema completo ma più complesso nell’utilizzo, altrimenti si rischia la perdita di molto denaro. Con ciò da non sottovalutare è la fase pre-implementativa, dove è critico individuare le necessità (analisi dei processi aziendali) su cui andare ad operare. Se fin dall’ inizio, nella fase di progettazione, viene svolta un’analisi attenta delle proprie esigenze, coinvolgendo le principali figure aziendali, si può star certi che la probabilità di successo dell’introduzione dell’ERP sarà elevata. Il punto critico del progetto è stato infatti il coinvolgimento dell’organico aziendale nella fase di analisi e modifica/miglioramento dei processi aziendali poiché ha avuto un impatto talmente innovativo e rivoluzionario sulla struttura operativa esistente che non è stato sempre facile coinvolgere nel giusto modo le figure aziendali responsabili del processo. Il progetto di implementazione per un nuovo sistema innovativo informativo integrato, ha comportato lo svolgimento di tutta una serie di attività interne “di ricerca e sviluppo” in collaborazione con personale esterno Logical System finalizzate a: a) progettazione e messa a punto di nuovi processi innovativi; b) acquisizione, combinazione, strutturazione e utilizzo delle conoscenze e capacità esistenti di natura scientifica, tecnologica e commerciale allo scopo di produrre piani, progetti o disegni per prodotti, processi o servizi nuovi, modificati o migliorati. Il progetto è nato dall’esigenza dell’azienda di informatizzare i vari processi, per automatizzare e standardizzare i flussi delle informazioni, risparmiare tempo, minimizzare gli errori ed eliminare tutte le personalizzazioni di documentazioni, descrizioni e procedure insite nella gestione manuale. Quando il progetto è stato avviato non esisteva, e tuttora non esiste, allo stato dell’arte, in commercio, un sistema in grado di coprire tutte le attività che il gruppo bronzini gestisce e che sono diverse per ogni area di attività. Pertanto, l’unica soluzione percorribile per l’informatizzazione era, e resta, quella di sviluppare un sistema personalizzato. si sta passando da un’”era informatica” caratterizzata dalla scarsità dei dati, ad una nuova e innovativa “era informatica” che ha a che fare con l’abbondanza dei dati, che possono essere sempre più acquisiti in modo automatico, con una velocità di scambio e di comunicazione in crescita esponenziale, e con un accesso alle informazioni globalizzato. E anche la tipologia, delle informazioni trattate, sta cambiando in modo significativo. Infatti oggi le informazioni hanno tutte carattere multimediale e ipermediale, e cioè sono la composizione di elementi informativi di tipo diverso (testo, immagini, video, suoni, procedure, programmi e così via) e questi aggregati informativi possono essere interconnessi l’uno all’altro creando una rete semantica ad elevata complessità e senza limiti dimensionali, che può far emergere anche aspetti nascosti, in sostanza può fare emergere in modo automatico conoscenza. Non si può infine trascurare il fatto che i sistemi automatizzati attuali non si limitano più ad occuparsi di conservare bit che devono però essere interpretati dagli “umani” affinchè siano riconosciuti come informazioni. Gli attuali sistemi automatizzati possono ormai agire sulla base delle informazioni presenti nel sistema e elaborate in modo automatico, producendo un impatto diretto sulla realtà degli “umani”, senza l’ausilio degli umani. Oggi il progetto ha condotto allo sviluppo di nuove soluzioni tecniche, del tutto innovative, che stanno già avendo un impatto molto importante nel processo di gestione dei vari rami di attività dell’azienda, soprattutto in quello del settore della manutenzione. Il progetto ha coinvolto: - Risorse interne di tutte le varie aree aziendali, per l’analisi dei flussi e la progettazione degli schemi a blocchi delle varie procedure specifiche - I settori tecnici e di project management, per lo sviluppo del software. - Consulenti informatici esterni per la progettazione del software, delle piattaforme e delle interfacce. Il progetto avviato nel 2015 è attualmente in piena fase di sviluppo.L’azienda, dato l’enorme investimento che ha fatto in questo ambito e considerando che sul mercato non esiste uno strumento in grado di soddisfare tutte le esigenze del suo business, ha comunque ritenuto opportuno investire ulteriori risorse nello sviluppo del sistema affinché funzioni in modo corretto ed efficace e automatizzi tutti i processi aziendali nel medio/lungo periodo.
Studio e valutazione di tecnologie e processi organizzativi per l'adozione di servizi di manutenzione innovativi
HAZIM, MOUHAMAD BACHIR
2019
Abstract
Nowadays, companies find themselves working in a market characterized by a climate of uncertainty: customer needs change quickly and the markets are becoming more and more competitive. It is therefore important for companies to find ways to adapt with a certain reactivity, in order not to be overcome by the competition. Parallel to the evolution of the markets, there is an explosion in the amount of information that can be found both inside and outside the boundaries of the company, which is facilitated by the spread of computer networks and distributed systems, the first among them being the Internet. The need to manage information in a rational and organic way and the prospect of having to supply increasingly personalized goods and services, has led the companies to review their processes and their way of operating by relying on information systems. These are no longer simple information management software programs, but real active tools, a source of competitive advantage. We are talking about ERP, Enterprise Resource Planning, IT packages capable of integrating all the operational and administrative processes on a corporate basis. Integrated functionality systems supporting not only planning, but the entire decision-making dimension: they support business management in all its areas, from accounting to personnel management, from customer relations to suppliers and warehouses. Integration is possible not only thanks to particular (certain se vuoi lasciare particular sotto) software architectures, but also thanks to the fact that ERPs incorporate the "best practices", i.e. the most common process practices found/employed in excellent companies. More precisely, most of the most widespread systems consist of a central software core and the possibility of adding optional peripheral software modules, each concerning the management of a particular specific business area of defined competences (e.g. accounting, materials management, planning, production, etc.). Implementing an ERP system means "rethinking and changing" a company's way of acting; as a matter of fact, a transformation of a company involves an operational, strategic and inter-company plan. Thanks to the prescriptive feature, ERPs impose on the company a set of procedures that become simple and linear routines, eliminating the barriers between functions, and make the organization more agile and reactive. The implementation activity is very critical and delicate and can take a very long time, sometimes even more than 20 months. Other aspects that express the criticality of the project are the high costs to be incurred, the inclusion of the people involved in the process/project and the possibility of failure. Bearing in mind the above-described factors, in the first and second part of the thesis the concept of the ERP system will be studied in depth, defining its structure, evolution, advantages, limits and implementation phases, with particular reference to the process Reengineering phase, i.e. the redesign of the business processes. Finally, in the third and last part of the thesis, the project carried out at the companies of the "Bronzini Group" during the research doctorate will be presented. The project was developed as follows: In the first year: in-depth study of the currently available techniques, in order to understand how to improve them or replace them with innovative techniques. In the second year: configuration of the information system necessary for the implementation of these techniques and/or new techniques designed ad hoc into the business. In the third year: the implementation and subsequent analysis of the results achieved. This case study describes a project aimed at introducing a new latest-generation computer system with high-performance hardware, software (ERP) from the Microsoft Dynamics Navision 2015 package, capable of synergistically integrating all business processes and interconnections with the online world, which provides for a complete implementation in 2019. The analysis of the paper proposes an in-depth study of the situation in which the company presents itself, both in terms of activity and information, thus obtaining a “map” of the existing processes (called AS-IS). Thus, the needs and criticalities of the current management of the activities are noted, in order to outline the objectives to be pursued through the implementation of the new ERP system (TO-BE analysis). Finally, the GAP ANALYSIS is presented, as a comparison of the difference between the starting situation with the old management and the future perspective with the new solution adopted by the company. By implementing/using a new management system, the "Bronzini Group" aims to extend the process control to all the business areas involved and improve the entire flow of order management, from budgeting to invoicing and subsequent archiving and historical data management. The ultimate goal is to be able to provide a new tool in which all information is available to the people involved in the process/project, in order to optimize time and results and guarantee safety at work. Adapting innovative processes allows to obtain. • Reduction of the resources consumed, therefore also a cost reduction; • Reduction of the time of necessary for the execution of maintenance processes; • Improvement of the operativity/effectiveness of specialized personnel, also from the point of view of operational safety; • Improvement of the customers’ assets undergoing maintenance, in terms of efficiency and environmental sustainability, productivity and safety at work; • Improvement of the overall service rendered to the customer, in terms of quality and professionalism, with consequent increase in competitiveness. Until a few years ago, companies were practically forced to create their information software like a tailored suit, commissioning software houses for that job, while today the case of purchasing “pre-packaged” ERP packages adaptable to the company’s needs through a process of "parameterization" is prevalent. The advantages offered by the latter are considerable, since the proposed solutions are the result of in-depth studies and advanced theories of information and management and, above all, have already been tested in other companies. The fixed costs of design and development are divided based on the number of packages produced and do not fall entirely on the ordering company. In the design and development of their products, the manufacturers of ERP consider the company as a whole and its processes, and not the individual functions, as was the case with the vast majority of software created ad hoc by smaller companies. Starting from these assumptions it is clear why it is noted that large companies are definitely moving towards the standard industrialized ERP systems. This is not the case with small companies, which prefer to purchase non-ERP systems and have tailor-made systems built by minor software houses at much lower costs than the “big” ERP. Small and medium-sized companies are therefore faced with the most difficult choice: having to decide whether to adopt a customized system or an ERP package. However, it is important for these companies to understand that, with the same functionality, a system custom-built by a software house certainly costs more than an equivalent pre-packaged one (meglio one se non è proprio necessario dire package, cioè se in questo caso sistema e pacchetto sono la stessa cosa). Starting from this consideration, it is clear that spending more money on an ERP system than on an ad hoc system means having a much higher number of features. These may seem superfluous at the time of purchase, but they are actually a guarantee of support for when the company has grown. Therefore, in the comparison between industrialized ERPs and specific tailor-made systems, it is necessary to take into account not only the cost, but also the opportunities represented and the investments that the company will have to sustain in the future to equate the functions of a specific system with those that an ERP system already contains. Some market researches certainly small and medium-sized companies in this direction and that is why all the major ERP manufacturers have already started to contend for this market sector. Having made the appropriate economic assessments and having taken the decision of which system to adopt, the real critical point, important to highlight in this work, is that, when choosing an ERP system to introduce into the company, it is not easy to immediately evaluate all the advantages because the results are not immediate either. My experience in the “Bronzini Group” goes precisely in this direction: having made the appropriate economic assessments, the decision was taken to adopt an ERP system designed to "adapt" to the needs of the company and therefore flexible and able to improve everything that revolves around each individual business process, including an increase in the company knowledge. However, with the non-immediate results and some problems that arose at the time of the introduction into the business, new needs not foreseen in the initial project arose continuously. This is because reproducing a company system on "paper" is one thing, but reproducing it in the new reality is another. Not all the problems can be foreseen and therefore the fundamental factor must be the ability to be able to manage the new critical issues, relying on reliable partners and trusting in a prepared and solid company structure. Regarding the choice of a reliable partner: the preliminary analysis carried out is adequate and with a very high degree of detail. The expected benefits reflect the mission, which, in fact, places the priority on transforming the need to respond to new market requirements into opportunities for renewal, and it is through the use of a new ERP that the “Bronzini Group” aims to improve its business and increase its competitive capacity in the long term despite the implementation difficulties that this ERP entails. Microsoft Dynamics, for example is a relatively simple system both in terms of installation and use because it maintains the operating logic of all Microsoft software that is distributed on a global scale and that everyone is already familiar with. On the other hand, however, even though the functions provided by Dynamics are numerous, it is not possible to model all the business processes through this ERP. All things considered, Microsoft Dynamics turns out to be a fairly stable system, light and easy to use, perfectly integrated with all Microsoft tools (e.g. Office) and does not require months of training for an operator to be able to use it. Installing an ERP system involves a number of factors that are to be considered at the time of purchase since it is not a simple software that is installed on the client side, the license is paid, and everything is solved. The installation of an ERP system requires an analysis of business processes in order to model them, and this implicates a big change in the work methodology of the company, which, however, is necessary to obtain a good competitive advantage in terms of profit margins. It is fundamental to understand first what is more convenient: a light system with less functionality or one that is complete but more complex to use – if this analysis is not done on time, there is a great risk of losing a lot of money. Another aspect that is not to be underestimated is the pre-implementation phase, where it is critical to identify the needs (analysis of business processes) that should be fulfilled. If from the beginning, during the planning phase, a careful analysis of one's own needs is carried out, involving the main corporate figures, one can be sure that the probability of successful introduction of the ERP will be high. The critical point of the project was in fact the involvement of the company staff in the analysis and the modification/improvement phase of the business processes because it had such an innovative and revolutionary impact on the existing operating structure that it was not always easy to involve the corporate figures responsible for the process in the right way. The implementation project for a new innovative integrated information system has involved performing a series of internal "research and development" activities in collaboration with external Logical System personnel aimed at: a) design and development of new innovative processes b) acquisition, combination, structuring and use of existing scientific, technological and commercial knowledge and skills in order to produce plans, projects or designs for new, modified or improved products, processes or services. The project was born from the company's need to computerize various processes, in order to automate and standardize information flows, save time, minimize errors and eliminate all the customization of documentation, descriptions and procedures inherent in manual management. When the project was started, and still, in the current state of the art, on the market, there is no system capable of covering all the activities that the “Bronzini Group” manages, which are different for each area of activity. Therefore, the only viable solution for computerization was, and remains, to develop a customized system. We are moving from an "information technology" characterized by a scarcity of data, to a new and innovative one that has an abundance of data, which can be increasingly acquired automatically, with speed of exchange and communication in exponential growth, and with globalized access to information. Furthermore, the type of information handled is also changing significantly. Today, the information is all multimedia and hypermedia – that is a composition of information elements of different types (text, images, videos, sounds, procedures, programs and so on) – and these information aggregates can be interconnected with each other by creating a semantic network with high complexity and without dimensional limits, which can also bring hidden aspects to the surface, in essence it can make knowledge emerge automatically. Finally, we cannot overlook the fact that the current automated systems are no longer limited to the task of preserving bits, which must however be interpreted by "humans" so that they are recognized as information. The current automated systems can now act on the basis of the information already present in the system and processed automatically, producing a direct impact on the reality of the "humans", without their aid. Today the project has led to the development of new, completely innovative technical solutions that are already having a very significant impact in the management process of the various branches of activity of the company, especially in the maintenance sector. The project involved: - Internal resources of all the various company areas, for the analysis of the flows and the design of the block diagrams of the various specific procedures; - Technical and project management sectors, for the software development; - External IT consultants, for the design of the software, platforms and interfaces. The project, started in 2015, is currently in full development phase. Given the enormous investment already made in this area and considering that there is no tool on the market able to satisfy all the needs of their business, the company has anyway deemed appropriate to invest additional resources in developing the system so that it works correctly and effectively and automates all business processes in the medium/long term.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/93512
URN:NBN:IT:UNIVPM-93512