The urgent need to diversify energy sources, the increased energy demand and the international policy debate on climate change have led to a growing attention for renewable energy resources. According to the International Energy Agency (IEA), more than 80% of the total primary energy world supply was derived from fossil fuels. Renewable energy and biofuels in transport sector can play an important role in reducing dependence on fossil fuels and increase security of supply, as well as contributing to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases. However, a number of issues fuel the debate over the real benefits of a steady development of biofuels, at least first generation biofuels. It concerns the range of increase in agricultural prices to high production costs, from competition for land to achievable environmental benefits. Biofuels have been in the eye of the storm, in particular since 2008, when the food crisis was considered by many to be caused by their increased production. Heavy criticism in public media made various governments, including the European Commission, to reconsider their targets and ambitions for biofuels. A year after the climax of the food (and biofuels) crisis, the debate around biofuels has calmed down and the debate has translated into strong policy action: sustainability schemes for biomass and biofuel production are developed and implemented around the globe. The aim of the present work is to investigate the sustainability of the agro-energy and, in particular, biofuels productions in the European Union and in Italy, taking into account their economic, social and environmental impacts not only in Europe but also at a global level. Sustainability is a multidimensional concept and affects multiple socio-economic groups (such as producers, consumers and government) (Khanna et al, 2009). In order to make consideration about the sustainability and global impacts of biofuels production, the present work is divided in two parts: the first part pays attention to the factors that contribute to the development of biofuels in recent years and it shows the actual scenario at world, European and Italian level. The second part considers the consequences of their development starting from the economic results regarding biodiesel and vegetable oil sectors for the Italian context, for which detailed data will be discussed. Recent concerns about biofuels impacts on food prices and on environment (e.g. land use change) will be then considered through results provided by the literature reviews and results provided by the application of a general equilibrium model (GTAP).
L’urgenza di diversificare le fonti energetiche, l’aumento di fabbisogno energetico e il maggiore interesse nei confronti del cambiamento climatico hanno portato a una crescente attenzione verso le risorse energetiche rinnovabili. Secondo l’International Energy Agency (IEA), oltre l'80% della fornitura totale di energia primaria mondiale deriva da combustibili fossili. Le energie rinnovabili e i biocarburanti nel settore dei trasporti possono svolgere un ruolo importante nel ridurre la dipendenza dai combustibili fossili e aumentare la sicurezza dell’approvvigionamento, contribuendo anche alla riduzione delle emissioni di gas serra. Tuttavia, una serie di questioni hanno ultimamente alimentato il dibattito sui reali benefici di un costante sviluppo dei biocarburanti, almeno per quelli di prima generazione dall’aumento dei prezzi agricoli per gli elevati costi di produzione, alla crescente concorrenza dei terreni agricoli agli effettivi benefici ambientali derivanti dai biocarburanti. I biocarburanti sono stati nell’occhio del ciclone, in particolare a partire dal 2008, durante la crisi dei prezzi quando sono stati da molti considerati la causa del loro aumento determinando pesanti critiche nell’opinione pubblica e costringendo gli stessi governi, tra cui la Commissione europea, a riconsiderare i propri obiettivi in termini di biocarburanti. L’anno successivo, il dibattito intorno a biocarburanti si è calmato traducendosi in una forte azione politica volta all’adozione di programmi di sostenibilità per la produzione di biocarburanti. Lo scopo del presente lavoro è quello di studiare la sostenibilità del settore agro-energetico, in particolare, dei biocarburanti nell’Unione europea e in Italia, tenendo conto del loro impatto economico, sociale e ambientale non solo in Europa ma anche a livello globale. La sostenibilità è un concetto multidimensionale e riguarda più gruppi socio-economici (produttori, consumatori e governo) (Khanna et al, 2009). Al fine di fare considerazioni riguardanti gli impatti della produzione di biocarburanti e la loro sostenibilità, il presente lavoro si divide in due parti: la prima riguarda i fattori che hanno contribuito allo sviluppo dei biocarburanti negli ultimi anni mostrando lo scenario attuale del loro sviluppo a livello mondiale, europeo e italiano. La seconda parte esamina le conseguenze del loro sviluppo partendo dai risultati economici del settore del biodiesel e dell’olio vegetale nel contesto italiano, per i quali dati dettagliati sono stati raccolti. Gli impatti dei biocarburanti sui prezzi dei prodotti alimentari e in ambito ambientale (come cambiamento di uso del suolo) saranno successivamente analizzati attraverso un review degli studi economici presenti in letteratura e attraverso l’applicazione di un modello di equilibrio generale (GTAP).
Sustainability of agro-energy sector. Economic and environmental assessment of biofuels
PADELLA, MONICA
2011
Abstract
The urgent need to diversify energy sources, the increased energy demand and the international policy debate on climate change have led to a growing attention for renewable energy resources. According to the International Energy Agency (IEA), more than 80% of the total primary energy world supply was derived from fossil fuels. Renewable energy and biofuels in transport sector can play an important role in reducing dependence on fossil fuels and increase security of supply, as well as contributing to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases. However, a number of issues fuel the debate over the real benefits of a steady development of biofuels, at least first generation biofuels. It concerns the range of increase in agricultural prices to high production costs, from competition for land to achievable environmental benefits. Biofuels have been in the eye of the storm, in particular since 2008, when the food crisis was considered by many to be caused by their increased production. Heavy criticism in public media made various governments, including the European Commission, to reconsider their targets and ambitions for biofuels. A year after the climax of the food (and biofuels) crisis, the debate around biofuels has calmed down and the debate has translated into strong policy action: sustainability schemes for biomass and biofuel production are developed and implemented around the globe. The aim of the present work is to investigate the sustainability of the agro-energy and, in particular, biofuels productions in the European Union and in Italy, taking into account their economic, social and environmental impacts not only in Europe but also at a global level. Sustainability is a multidimensional concept and affects multiple socio-economic groups (such as producers, consumers and government) (Khanna et al, 2009). In order to make consideration about the sustainability and global impacts of biofuels production, the present work is divided in two parts: the first part pays attention to the factors that contribute to the development of biofuels in recent years and it shows the actual scenario at world, European and Italian level. The second part considers the consequences of their development starting from the economic results regarding biodiesel and vegetable oil sectors for the Italian context, for which detailed data will be discussed. Recent concerns about biofuels impacts on food prices and on environment (e.g. land use change) will be then considered through results provided by the literature reviews and results provided by the application of a general equilibrium model (GTAP).File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/95845
URN:NBN:IT:UNIVPM-95845