In the Mediterranean basin, Squash is one of the most important crops, and it can be affected by several fungal pathogens. Between 2015 and 2018, 66 samples of asymptomatic and symptomatic squash fruits (Cucurbita maxima, Cucurbita moschata) were collected in two countries, Tunisia and Italy. The symptoms of fruit decay were identified and classified according to lesion size. Following the blotter test, 14 fungal species were detected from the seeds. Seedborne fungi were identified in all fruit samples tested, including asymptomatic fruit. The most frequent fungi from Tunisia seeds were Alternaria alternata (25.1%), followed by Stagonosporopsis cucurbitacearum (24.6%), Fusarium solani (16.6%), Rhizopus stolonifer (13.3%), Fusarium fujikuroi (7.8%), Albifimbria verrucaria (3.3%), and Stemphylium vesicarium (2.3%). For the fruits from Italy, the most frequently identified fungal species in seed samples were A. alternata (40.0%), followed by F. fujikuroi (20.8%), S. vesicarium (3.0%), and Curvularia spicifera (2.1%). Morphological identification was confirmed by molecular diagnosis using different primers amplifying ITS region, β-tubulin, histone H3, EF 1α, and CALM genes. Moreover, in this study specie specific primers were designed to identify S. cucurbitacearum, A. verrucaria, Paramyrothecium roridum and S. vesicarium. S. cucurbitacearum was the main fungal species found in the present study, and it was described as the first time in Tunisia and Italy on seeds and fruits of C. maxima and C. moschata. The transmission of this pathogen showed a significant regression and a high correlation level (R2= 0.78; P≤0.001) was observed among seed contamination and seedling mortality. Furtehrmore, there was a significant positive correlation (R2= 0.74; P≤0.001) between the seed infected with S. cucurbitacearum and the incidence of infected plantlets. Using the conventional PCR method, 17 seed samples were tested for S. cucurbitacearum localization. The results showed that this pathogen was detected in all of seed parts (tegument, cotyledon, and embryo). The antifungal activity of seven essential oils (EOs) (two Marjoram, Bay laurel, Lavender, Lemongrass, Lavandin, and Tea tree) have been studied by tests performed in vitro and in vivo conditions. Both assays showed that Lemongrass EO was the most effective to reduce seedborne inoculum of the tested fungal pathogen. Keywords: asymptomatic, blotter test, detection, essential oils, localization, PCR, species specific primers, Stagonosporopsis cucurbitacearum, transmission, treatment.
Identificazione con tecniche classiche e molecolari e strategie di controllo biologico di patogeni fungini trasmessi per seme in zucca (Cucurbita maxima Duchesne, Cucurbita moschata Duchesne) Nel bacino del Mediterraneo, la zucca è una delle colture più importanti e può essere soggetta ad infezione da parte di diversi agenti patogeni fungini trasmessi per seme. Tra il 2015 ed il 2018, 66 campioni di semi estratti da frutti di zucca (Cucurbita maxima, Cucurbita moschata) asintomatici e sintomatici sono stati raccolti in Italia e in Tunisia. I sintomi di malattia sono stati classificati in base alla dimensione della lesione. I patogeni fungini sono stati identificati mdiante il blotter test, l’isolamento in piastra e la successiva osservazione al microscopio. I funghi più frequenti rinvenuti sui campioni tunisini sono stati Alternaria alternata (25,1%), Stagonosporopsis cucurbitacearum (24,6%), Fusarium solani (16,6%), Rhizopus stolonifer (13,3%), Fusarium fujikuroi (7,8%), Albifimbria verrucaria (3,3%) e Stemphylium vesicarium (2,3%). Nei campioni italiani sono stati trovati A. alternata (40,0%), F. fujikuroi (20,8%), S. vesicarium (3,0%) e Curvularia spicifera (2,1%). Per i frutti provenienti dall'Italia, i funghi più frequentemente sono A. alternata (40,0%), seguite da F. fujikuroi (20,8%), S. vesicarium (3,0%) e Curvularia spicifera (2,1%).L'identificazione morfologica è stata confermata da una identificazione molecolare utilizzando primer che amplificano la regione ITS, nonché i geni β-tubulina, histone H3, EF 1α e CALM. Inoltre, in questo studio sono stati disegnati primer specifici per S. cucurbitacearum, A. verrucaria, Paramyrothecium roridum e S. vesicarium. S. cucurbitacearum è stata una delle specie fungine più frequenti, ed è stata rinvenuta per la prima volta in Tunisia e in Italia su semi e frutti di C. maxima e C. moschata. La trasmissione di questo patogeno ha mostrato una regressione significativa, ed un'elevata correlazione (R2 = 0,78; P≤0,001) è stata osservata tra contaminazione dei semi e mortalità delle piantine. Inoltre, una significativa correlazione (R2 = 0,74; P≤0,001) è emersa tra la percentuale di seme infetto da S. cucurbitacearum e l'incidenza di plantule infette. Utilizzando la PCR convenzionale, sono stati testati 17 campioni di semi per la localizzazione di S. cucurbitacearum. Questo patogeno è stato rilevato in tutte le parti del seme (tegumento, cotiledone ed embrione). L'attività antifungina di sette oli essenziali (EO) (due di maggiorana e uno di alloro, lavanda, citronella, lavandino e albero del tè) è stata studiata in vitro ed in vivo. L’olio essenziale di citronella è risultato il più efficace per ridurre l'inoculo dei patogeni fungini trasmessi per seme. Nel complesso, le attività svolte contribuiranno ad una migliore conoscenza dei patogeni trasmessi per seme in zucca e alla messa a punto di strategie di controllo. Parole chiave: asintomatico, blotter test, localizzazione, oli essenziali, PCR, primer specifici, rilevamento, Stagonosporopsis cucurbitacearum, trasmissione, trattamento.
Morphological and molecular identification of seedborne fungi in squash (Cucurbita maxima Duchesne, Cucurbita moschata Duchesne) and biological control
MOUMNI, MARWA
2020
Abstract
In the Mediterranean basin, Squash is one of the most important crops, and it can be affected by several fungal pathogens. Between 2015 and 2018, 66 samples of asymptomatic and symptomatic squash fruits (Cucurbita maxima, Cucurbita moschata) were collected in two countries, Tunisia and Italy. The symptoms of fruit decay were identified and classified according to lesion size. Following the blotter test, 14 fungal species were detected from the seeds. Seedborne fungi were identified in all fruit samples tested, including asymptomatic fruit. The most frequent fungi from Tunisia seeds were Alternaria alternata (25.1%), followed by Stagonosporopsis cucurbitacearum (24.6%), Fusarium solani (16.6%), Rhizopus stolonifer (13.3%), Fusarium fujikuroi (7.8%), Albifimbria verrucaria (3.3%), and Stemphylium vesicarium (2.3%). For the fruits from Italy, the most frequently identified fungal species in seed samples were A. alternata (40.0%), followed by F. fujikuroi (20.8%), S. vesicarium (3.0%), and Curvularia spicifera (2.1%). Morphological identification was confirmed by molecular diagnosis using different primers amplifying ITS region, β-tubulin, histone H3, EF 1α, and CALM genes. Moreover, in this study specie specific primers were designed to identify S. cucurbitacearum, A. verrucaria, Paramyrothecium roridum and S. vesicarium. S. cucurbitacearum was the main fungal species found in the present study, and it was described as the first time in Tunisia and Italy on seeds and fruits of C. maxima and C. moschata. The transmission of this pathogen showed a significant regression and a high correlation level (R2= 0.78; P≤0.001) was observed among seed contamination and seedling mortality. Furtehrmore, there was a significant positive correlation (R2= 0.74; P≤0.001) between the seed infected with S. cucurbitacearum and the incidence of infected plantlets. Using the conventional PCR method, 17 seed samples were tested for S. cucurbitacearum localization. The results showed that this pathogen was detected in all of seed parts (tegument, cotyledon, and embryo). The antifungal activity of seven essential oils (EOs) (two Marjoram, Bay laurel, Lavender, Lemongrass, Lavandin, and Tea tree) have been studied by tests performed in vitro and in vivo conditions. Both assays showed that Lemongrass EO was the most effective to reduce seedborne inoculum of the tested fungal pathogen. Keywords: asymptomatic, blotter test, detection, essential oils, localization, PCR, species specific primers, Stagonosporopsis cucurbitacearum, transmission, treatment.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/96023
URN:NBN:IT:UNIVPM-96023