Human activities changing biodiversity and composition of the ecosystems worldwide, endangering their capacity to deliver ecosystem services (Mouillot et al., 2016). Production and consumption of personal care, cosmetic sun products and other micro-contaminants, including pharmaceuticals are increasing worldwide, reaching unexpected levels, with potentially important consequences on environmental contamination. These compounds are known to have a negative impact on different marine organisms. Scientific evaluation of the impacts of the compounds released into the marine environments is more important. The present dissertation includes both laboratory and field experiments, focusing on the impact of different categories of personal care products and other micro-contaminants, including pharmaceuticals on marine organisms and ecosystems. Our results showed that sunscreens, physical UV filters and other micro- contaminants can alter significantly, even at low concentrations, the functions of marine organisms causing also damage to the early stages of development (i.e. in P. lividus). We also observed that sunscreens defined eco-friendly, natural or reef safe are not always eco-compatible with marine life. Most of the products defined "eco-friendly" and/or "reef-safe", indeed, are not actually tested on marine organisms. Overall these results suggest that due to the widespread use of personal care products and pharmaceuticals and their constant release into the marine environment, along with the increase of tourism in coastal and tropical ecosystems, such contaminants can severely affect marine life, food webs and ecosystem functioning even at wide spatial scale. Rigorous procedures are needed for testing the effective eco-compatibility of the existing products as sunscreens and UV filters, before placing them on the market, on different model marine organisms to develop cosmetic products that effectively comply with the marine environment.
Le attività umane stanno modificando la biodiversità e la composizione degli ecosistemi di tutto il mondo, mettendo in pericolo la loro capacità di fornire servizi ecosistemici. La produzione ed il consumo di prodotti cosmetici per la cura personale, prodotti solari ed altri micro-contaminanti, tra cui prodotti farmaceutici, sono in aumento in tutto il mondo, raggiungendo livelli inaspettati, con potenziali conseguenze a livello di inquinamento ambientale. Questi composti sono ben noti per avere effetti negativi su differenti organismi marini. Un attenta valutazione scientifica degli impatti dei composti rilasciati in ambiente marino è necessaria. La presente tesi comprende sia esperimenti di laboratorio che sul campo, con particolare attenzione all'impatto di diverse categorie di prodotti per la cura personale e altri micro-contaminanti, inclusi i prodotti farmaceutici, su differenti organismi ed ecosistemi marini. I nostri risultati hanno mostrato che prodotti solari, filtri UV inorganici ed altri micro-contaminanti possono alterare significativamente, anche a basse concentrazioni, le funzionalità degli organismi marini, causando inoltre danni durante le prime fasi di sviluppo (cioè in P. lividus). Abbiamo inoltre osservato che le creme solari definite eco-friendly, naturali o reef-safe, non sempre sono risultate compatibili con la vita marina. La maggior parte dei prodotti definiti "eco-friendly" e / o "reef-safe", in realtà non sono stati testati sugli organismi marini. Nel complesso questi risultati suggeriscono che a causa della diffusione dei prodotti per la cura personale e dei prodotti farmaceutici, ed il loro costante rilascio in ambiente marino, collegato all'aumento del turismo negli ecosistemi costieri e tropicali, tali contaminanti possono compromettere seriamente la vita marina, le reti alimentari e la funzionalità dell'ecosistema anche a larga scala spaziale. Rigorose procedure sono quindi necessarie per testare l'effettiva eco-compatibilità di prodotti esistenti, prima della loro immissione sul mercato, su diversi organismi marini modello per sviluppare cosmetici che rispettino effettivamente l'ambiente marino.
Development of innovative approaches for assessing the impact of personal care products and other micro-contaminants in the marine environment
MARCELLINI, FRANCESCA
2017
Abstract
Human activities changing biodiversity and composition of the ecosystems worldwide, endangering their capacity to deliver ecosystem services (Mouillot et al., 2016). Production and consumption of personal care, cosmetic sun products and other micro-contaminants, including pharmaceuticals are increasing worldwide, reaching unexpected levels, with potentially important consequences on environmental contamination. These compounds are known to have a negative impact on different marine organisms. Scientific evaluation of the impacts of the compounds released into the marine environments is more important. The present dissertation includes both laboratory and field experiments, focusing on the impact of different categories of personal care products and other micro-contaminants, including pharmaceuticals on marine organisms and ecosystems. Our results showed that sunscreens, physical UV filters and other micro- contaminants can alter significantly, even at low concentrations, the functions of marine organisms causing also damage to the early stages of development (i.e. in P. lividus). We also observed that sunscreens defined eco-friendly, natural or reef safe are not always eco-compatible with marine life. Most of the products defined "eco-friendly" and/or "reef-safe", indeed, are not actually tested on marine organisms. Overall these results suggest that due to the widespread use of personal care products and pharmaceuticals and their constant release into the marine environment, along with the increase of tourism in coastal and tropical ecosystems, such contaminants can severely affect marine life, food webs and ecosystem functioning even at wide spatial scale. Rigorous procedures are needed for testing the effective eco-compatibility of the existing products as sunscreens and UV filters, before placing them on the market, on different model marine organisms to develop cosmetic products that effectively comply with the marine environment.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/96065
URN:NBN:IT:UNIVPM-96065