The ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) induces satiety and increases energy expenditure in rodents and humans through a leptin-like activation of the JAK-STAT3 signaling pathway. Hypothalamic glial cells constitutively express CNTF, and its expression is up-regulated in obese mice. We found that in mice with a low leptin level CNTF treatment did not induce activation of JAK-STAT in any of the hypothalamic feeding centers besides the median eminence. These results prompted us to study alternative pathways in which CNTF could play a role on food intake. In vitro studies have shown that CNTF can activate the ERK pathway. A recent report showed that activation of ERK in tanycytes of the median eminence is involved in the regulation of the access of leptin to the ARC. We studied if this pathway is activated by CNTF in the median eminence, and the dorsal vagal complex of the mouse brainstem. We treated 4 groups of mice with respectively vehicle, leptin, CNTF or CNTF and leptin and analysed activation of ERK and STAT3 in the hypothalamus and brainstem via western blotting and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Our findings indeed indicated that CNTF treatment was able to activate ERK signalling in the median eminence of the hypothalamus, further analysis showed that these cells were tanycytes. Interestingly, by western blotting we saw that co-treatment induced an increase in P-STAT3 expression compared to CNTF treatment alone significantly higher than leptin treatment compared to control. IHC showed that the P-STAT3 positive cells were located in all hypothalamic-feeding centers responsive to leptin, and the activation in these centers was significantly higher compared to leptin treatment alone. Furthermore our results in the brainstem showed activation of ERK in glial cells in all nuclei of the dorsal vagal complex. In the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS), co-treatment with leptin and CNTF was able to significantly increase the activation of STAT3 signaling in this area targeted by leptin. Finally we show that these effects of the co-treatment with CNTF and leptin are not seen in leptin insensitive db/db mice. In conclusion, our findings show that CNTF does not directly target neurons in the arcuate, ventromedial and dorsomedial nuclei of the hypothalamus and the NTS of the brainstem. It primarily targets multiple signaling pathways in the circumventricular organs of the hypothalamus and brainstem. In particular the ERK pathway has been shown to play an essential role in the entrance of leptin in the mediobasal hypothalamus where it exerts its anorectic effects. Our findings confirmed a role for CNTF in this mechanism both in the hypothalamus as in the brainstem, possibly through glio-vascular modifications resulting in greater leptin permeability.
Il fattore neurotrofico ciliare (CNTF) agisce a livello centrale nei roditori e nell’uomo stimolando il senso di sazietà e aumentando la spesa energetica attraverso l’attivazione del pathway leptino-simile JAK-STAT. Nell’ipotalamo è prodotto da cellule gliali e in modelli animali che mimano l’obesità umana l’espressione di questa citochina aumenta. Risultati preliminari ottenuti in condizioni in cui la leptina circolante è bassa o nulla (restrizione calorica e in topi Ob/Ob) evidenziano come l’unica sede ipotalamica di risposta al CNTF sia l’eminenza mediana in queste condizioni sperimentali. Questi dati suggeriscono la possibile esistenza di meccanismi alternativi di azione del CNTF sul bilancio energetico a livello centrale. E’ stato recentemente dimostrato che esistono fattori in grado di modulare l’azione centrale della leptina regolandone l’accesso al parenchima cerebrale, con un’azione diretta sui taniciti dell’eminenza mediana attivando il signalling MAPK/ERK. Partendo da queste evidenze sperimentali, abbiamo studiato il possibile ruolo del CNTF valutando l’attivazione del P-ERK nell’ipotalamo e nel tronco cerebrale di topi sottoposti ad inienzioni in acuto di CNTF, leptina o entrambi. Dati ottenuti con metodiche morfologiche e molecolari hanno evidenziato come il CNTF sia in grado di attivare la fosforilazione di ERK nei taniciti dell’eminenza mediana e nelll’area postrema, altro organo circumventricolare localizzato nel tronco encefalico. Inoltre, il co-trattamento con leptina e CNTF ha mostrato una maggiore attivazione del P-STAT3 nei principali nuclei ipotalamici e truncali coinvolti nella regolazione del bilancio energetico svolta dalla leptina. In linea con questi risultati, animali che mancano del recettore per la leptina (Db/Db) non rispondono al co-trattamento con CNTF e leptina in questi nuclei. I risultati ottenuti suggeriscono che il CNTF non agisca quindi direttamente sui neuroni del nucleo arcuate e del tronco stimolando il senso di sazietà, bensì abbia un’azione indiretta sulla permeabilità della leptina dal circolo sanguigno al liquor e successivamente ai neuroni coinvolti nella regolazione del bilancio energetico.
The Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor. A novel role as Leptin Sensitizer acting at the Central Nervous System
VENEMA, WIEBE FLORIS
2019
Abstract
The ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) induces satiety and increases energy expenditure in rodents and humans through a leptin-like activation of the JAK-STAT3 signaling pathway. Hypothalamic glial cells constitutively express CNTF, and its expression is up-regulated in obese mice. We found that in mice with a low leptin level CNTF treatment did not induce activation of JAK-STAT in any of the hypothalamic feeding centers besides the median eminence. These results prompted us to study alternative pathways in which CNTF could play a role on food intake. In vitro studies have shown that CNTF can activate the ERK pathway. A recent report showed that activation of ERK in tanycytes of the median eminence is involved in the regulation of the access of leptin to the ARC. We studied if this pathway is activated by CNTF in the median eminence, and the dorsal vagal complex of the mouse brainstem. We treated 4 groups of mice with respectively vehicle, leptin, CNTF or CNTF and leptin and analysed activation of ERK and STAT3 in the hypothalamus and brainstem via western blotting and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Our findings indeed indicated that CNTF treatment was able to activate ERK signalling in the median eminence of the hypothalamus, further analysis showed that these cells were tanycytes. Interestingly, by western blotting we saw that co-treatment induced an increase in P-STAT3 expression compared to CNTF treatment alone significantly higher than leptin treatment compared to control. IHC showed that the P-STAT3 positive cells were located in all hypothalamic-feeding centers responsive to leptin, and the activation in these centers was significantly higher compared to leptin treatment alone. Furthermore our results in the brainstem showed activation of ERK in glial cells in all nuclei of the dorsal vagal complex. In the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS), co-treatment with leptin and CNTF was able to significantly increase the activation of STAT3 signaling in this area targeted by leptin. Finally we show that these effects of the co-treatment with CNTF and leptin are not seen in leptin insensitive db/db mice. In conclusion, our findings show that CNTF does not directly target neurons in the arcuate, ventromedial and dorsomedial nuclei of the hypothalamus and the NTS of the brainstem. It primarily targets multiple signaling pathways in the circumventricular organs of the hypothalamus and brainstem. In particular the ERK pathway has been shown to play an essential role in the entrance of leptin in the mediobasal hypothalamus where it exerts its anorectic effects. Our findings confirmed a role for CNTF in this mechanism both in the hypothalamus as in the brainstem, possibly through glio-vascular modifications resulting in greater leptin permeability.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/97149
URN:NBN:IT:UNIVPM-97149