This thesis work focuses on the mechanical analysis of the torsional stresses to which nickel titanium endodontic instruments are subjected during root canal treatment. NiTi instruments for mechanical root canal shaping allow, together with irrigant solutions, the emptying and disinfection of the endodontic cavity, later allowing the completion of treatment by root canal obturation. The advent of mechanical instrumentation has improved the speed and accuracy of shaping compared with shaping with steel hand instruments. However, it has resulted in a higher incidence of fracture, especially due to torsional fatigue. Torsional fatigue occurs when the instrument tip binds against the dentin walls while the instrument shank continues to rotate. Prolonged twisting triggers plastic deformation, the evolution of which is instrument separation. This phenomenon has significant clinical implications because, potentially, it can worsen the prognosis of root canal treatment, especially in the presence of unfavorable preoperative conditions (ex: apical periodontitis), as well as evolve into medico-legal actions should the doctor/patient relationship deteriorate. Torsional fatigue fracture is examined by in vitro studies, since it is not possible to analyze it in vivo, having to simulate a destructive test. This generally refers to ISO 3630-1 specifications, although literature reports custom-made experimental apparatuses that differ in methodological choice. Generally, torque apparatus simulates torsional stress by twisting NiTi instrument, immobilized at one end (the tip, with the aid of a jaw), along its longitudinal axis. The parameters are measured prior to fracture and are represented by the torque (N-cm) and torsion angle (°). A study by Yum et al. suggested, in 2007, that another reference of technological interest should be considered: the yield point. This represents the point beyond which stresses acting on the material cause irreversible deformation (plastic phase) beyond which fracture can occur (when the tool ceases to absorb energy from the system).Nevertheless, the remaining literature has never supplemented the guidance provided by Yum et al: thus, current knowledge regarding torsional fatigue is partial. The aim of the thesis work is to provide reliable criteria about the analysis of torsional fatigue by examining three endodontic instruments widely used in endodontics: M2, ProTaper Next, ProTaper Gold. The instruments investigated are intentionally dissimilar in terms of section geometry, taper, and metal alloy, precisely to enhance the inherent differences in the mechanical behavior that occurs upon application of torsional stress. The experimental apparatus adheres to ISO 3630-1 specifications to allow for a more far-reaching comparison with the main evidence in the literature. Nevertheless, it distances itself from it by evaluating, as mentioned earlier, a different and more authoritative benchmark: the yield point. The values recorded during the experiments are in the order of magnitude of those reported by the other authors and indicate the goodness of the experimental apparatus. The data that emerged highlight some critical issues pertaining to the world of research, production and consumption. The first should implement the methodology regarding torsional strength; the second would be tasked with improving the standardization of the instruments examined, providing greater protections for the clinician; and the third should carefully balance the need for reliable and safe instruments with the development of operational strategies with contained economic impact, since the single-use policy, in vogue for the past few years, still lacks a solid scientific foundation.
Il presente lavoro di Tesi è incentrato sull’analisi meccanica degli stress torsionali a cui sono soggetti gli strumenti endodontici in nichel titanio durante il trattamento canalare. Gli strumenti NiTi per la sagomatura meccanica del canale radicolare consentono, insieme agli irriganti, lo svuotamento e la disinfezione della cavità endodontica, permettendo. L’avvento della strumentazione meccanica ha migliorato la velocità e la precisione della sagomatura rispetto a quella con strumenti manuali in acciaio. Tuttavia, ha provocato una maggior incidenza di strumenti fratturati, soprattutto per fatica torsionale. La fatica torsionale si verifica quando la punta dello strumento si incastra contro le pareti dentinali mentre il gambo dello strumento continua a ruotare. Il prolungarsi del fenomeno di attorcigliamento innesca una deformazione plastica la cui evoluzione è la separazione dello strumento. Questo fenomeno ha implicazioni cliniche rilevanti poiché, potenzialmente, può peggiorare la prognosi del trattamento canalare, soprattutto in presenza di condizioni pre-operatorie sfavorevoli (ex: periodontite apicale), oltre ad evolvere in azioni medico-legali qualora il rapporto medico/paziente dovesse deteriorarsi. La frattura per fatica torsionale viene esaminata in vitro seguendo, generalmente, le specifiche ISO. I parametri sono rilevati prima della frattura e sono rappresentati dal momento torcente (N·cm) e dall’angolo di torsione (°). Uno studio di Yum et al. suggeriva, nel 2007, di considerare un altro riferimento di interesse tecnologico: il punto di snervamento. Questo rappresenta il punto oltre il quale gli stress che agiscono sul materiale provocano una deformazione irreversibile (fase plastica) oltre la quale può verificarsi la frattura (quando lo strumento cessa di assorbire energia dal sistema). Ciò nonostante, la restante letteratura non ha mai integrato le indicazioni fornite da Yum et al: così facendo, la conoscenza attuale riguardo la fatica torsionale risulta parziale. Scopo del lavoro di tesi è fornire dei criteri affidabili l’ analisi della fatica torsionale, esaminando tre strumenti endodontici di largo impiego in endodonzia. Gli strumenti indagati sono volutamente dissimili sotto il profilo della geometria della sezione, del taper e della lega metallica, proprio per esaltare le differenze insite nel comportamento meccanico che si verifica all’applicazione dello stress torsionale. L’apparato sperimentale si attiene alle specifiche ISO 3630-1 per consentire un confronto di maggior respiro con le principali evidenze presenti in letteratura. Ciò nonostante, ne prende distanze valutando, come detto prima, un differente e più autorevole parametro di riferimento: il punto di snervamento. I valori registrati durante le sperimentazioni risultano nell’ordine di grandezza di quelli riportati dagli altri autori e indicano la bontà dell’apparato sperimentale. I dati emersi sottolineano alcune criticità afferenti al mondo della ricerca, della produzione e del consumo. Il primo dovrebbe implementare la metodologia riguardante la resistenza torsionale; il secondo avrebbe il compito di migliorare la standardizzazione degli strumenti esaminati, fornendo maggiori tutele al clinico; il terzo dovrebbe bilanciare attentamente il bisogno di strumenti affidabili e sicuri con lo sviluppo di strategie operative dal contenuto impatto economico, visto che la politica del single use, in auge da qualche anno, manca ancora di un solido fondamento scientifico.
CRITERI DI AFFIDABILITA’ PER L’ANALISI TORSIONALE DEGLI STRUMENTI ENDODONTICI NI-TI
SALVADORI, MATTEO
2024
Abstract
This thesis work focuses on the mechanical analysis of the torsional stresses to which nickel titanium endodontic instruments are subjected during root canal treatment. NiTi instruments for mechanical root canal shaping allow, together with irrigant solutions, the emptying and disinfection of the endodontic cavity, later allowing the completion of treatment by root canal obturation. The advent of mechanical instrumentation has improved the speed and accuracy of shaping compared with shaping with steel hand instruments. However, it has resulted in a higher incidence of fracture, especially due to torsional fatigue. Torsional fatigue occurs when the instrument tip binds against the dentin walls while the instrument shank continues to rotate. Prolonged twisting triggers plastic deformation, the evolution of which is instrument separation. This phenomenon has significant clinical implications because, potentially, it can worsen the prognosis of root canal treatment, especially in the presence of unfavorable preoperative conditions (ex: apical periodontitis), as well as evolve into medico-legal actions should the doctor/patient relationship deteriorate. Torsional fatigue fracture is examined by in vitro studies, since it is not possible to analyze it in vivo, having to simulate a destructive test. This generally refers to ISO 3630-1 specifications, although literature reports custom-made experimental apparatuses that differ in methodological choice. Generally, torque apparatus simulates torsional stress by twisting NiTi instrument, immobilized at one end (the tip, with the aid of a jaw), along its longitudinal axis. The parameters are measured prior to fracture and are represented by the torque (N-cm) and torsion angle (°). A study by Yum et al. suggested, in 2007, that another reference of technological interest should be considered: the yield point. This represents the point beyond which stresses acting on the material cause irreversible deformation (plastic phase) beyond which fracture can occur (when the tool ceases to absorb energy from the system).Nevertheless, the remaining literature has never supplemented the guidance provided by Yum et al: thus, current knowledge regarding torsional fatigue is partial. The aim of the thesis work is to provide reliable criteria about the analysis of torsional fatigue by examining three endodontic instruments widely used in endodontics: M2, ProTaper Next, ProTaper Gold. The instruments investigated are intentionally dissimilar in terms of section geometry, taper, and metal alloy, precisely to enhance the inherent differences in the mechanical behavior that occurs upon application of torsional stress. The experimental apparatus adheres to ISO 3630-1 specifications to allow for a more far-reaching comparison with the main evidence in the literature. Nevertheless, it distances itself from it by evaluating, as mentioned earlier, a different and more authoritative benchmark: the yield point. The values recorded during the experiments are in the order of magnitude of those reported by the other authors and indicate the goodness of the experimental apparatus. The data that emerged highlight some critical issues pertaining to the world of research, production and consumption. The first should implement the methodology regarding torsional strength; the second would be tasked with improving the standardization of the instruments examined, providing greater protections for the clinician; and the third should carefully balance the need for reliable and safe instruments with the development of operational strategies with contained economic impact, since the single-use policy, in vogue for the past few years, still lacks a solid scientific foundation.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
---|---|---|---|
TESI PhD - Matteo Salvadori.pdf
accesso aperto
Dimensione
1.64 MB
Formato
Adobe PDF
|
1.64 MB | Adobe PDF | Visualizza/Apri |
I documenti in UNITESI sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/104059
URN:NBN:IT:UNIBS-104059